Kuchiza Moyenera kwa Zinyalala Zamadzimadzi za Sodium Cyanide

Introduction

Sodium cyanide amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale monga migodi, electroplating, ndi kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala chifukwa cha mankhwala ake apadera. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito Sodium Cyanide mosalephera amapanga cyanide - okhala ndi zinyalala, ndi Madzi a Sodium Cyanide zinyalala makamaka zimabweretsa chiwopsezo ku thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe ngati sizikusamalidwa bwino. Cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri ndipo imatha kuvulaza kwambiri zamoyo ngakhale pang'ono. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolondola zothanirana ndi zinyalalazi.

Zowopsa za Liquid Sodium Cyanide Waste

Poizoni kwa Anthu

Cyanide imatha kulowa m'thupi la munthu kudzera mu mpweya, kumeza, kapena kukhudza khungu. Ikalowa m'thupi, imatha kumangirira ku cytochrome oxidase m'maselo, kuletsa kupuma kwa ma cell ndikupangitsa kuti minofu hypoxia. Pazovuta kwambiri, zimatha kufa mwachangu. Ngakhale kutsika pang'ono kwa nthawi yayitali kungayambitse zizindikiro monga mutu, chizungulire, kufooka, ndipo nthawi zina, matenda aakulu. Pochita ndi madzi sodium cyanide zinyalala, chiwopsezo cha kukhudzana mwangozi ndi chokulirapo, makamaka ngati palibe njira zodzitetezera.

Kukhudza Zamoyo Zam'madzi

Zamadzi Sodium cyanide zinyalala, ngati zitatayidwa m'madzi, ndi poizoni kwambiri kwa zamoyo zam'madzi. Ngakhale pazigawo zotsika kwambiri, zimatha kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito achilengedwe a nsomba, zamoyo zopanda msana, ndi zamoyo zina zam'madzi. Zimakhudza kupuma, kukula, kubereka, ndi chitetezo cha mthupi. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuchuluka kwa cyanide ion ndi 0.02 - 1.0 mg/l (mkati mwa maola 24), nsomba zimatha kufa. Cyanide imathanso kuwononga zachilengedwe zam'madzi kwa nthawi yayitali pochepetsa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana komanso kusokoneza chakudya.

Zotsatira pa Zomera

Zomera zikakumana ndi zinyalala zamadzimadzi za sodium cyanide, zitha kukhala ndi vuto pakukula ndi kukula kwawo. Kuchuluka kwa cyanide kumatha kulepheretsa kukula kwa mizu, kuchepetsa kuyamwa kwa michere, ndikusokoneza photosynthesis. Kumadera aulimi, izi zitha kupangitsa kuti zokolola zichepe komanso kuti zikhale zabwino. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati zinyalala zamadzimadzi za sodium cyanide zitagwiritsidwa ntchito m'thirira, zitha kuwononga nthaka, kuwononga nthaka yabwino komanso kumera kwa mbewu zotsatira.

Njira Zochizira Zamadzimadzi Zamadzimadzi Sodium Cyanide

Njira ya Alkaline Chlorination

Mfundo: Njirayi imasintha pH ya madzi a sodium cyanide - okhala ndi madzi oipa kufika pa 8.5 - 9 kenako amawonjezera ma chlorine - based oxidants. Ma okosijeni opangidwa ndi klorini, monga bulichi (makamaka NaClO) kapena mpweya wa chlorine (Cl₂, womwe umasungunuka m'madzi kupanga HClO), umachita ndi ayoni a cyanide (CN⁻). Pachiyambi choyamba, cyanide imakhala ndi oxidized to cyanate (CNO⁻), yomwe imakhala yochepa kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni kumatha kusintha cyanate kukhala mpweya woipa (CO₂) ndi nayitrogeni (N₂). Zomwe zimachitika pamachemical zitha kuwonetsedwa motere:

CN⁻ + ClO⁻ + H₂O → CNO⁻ + Cl⁻ + 2H⁺

2CNO⁻ + 3ClO⁻ + H₂O → 2CO₂ + N₂ + 3Cl⁻ + 2OH⁻

Ubwino ndi Zoyipa: Njira ya alkaline chlorination ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Ikhoza kuchepetsa bwino cyanide zomwe zili m'madzi otayira kukhala otsika kwambiri. Komabe, ndiyoyeneranso kuthira madzi onyansa okhala ndi ma cyanide ochepa. Ngati kuchuluka kwa cyanide ndikokwera kwambiri, pamafunika kuchuluka kwa ma okosijeni opangidwa ndi klorini, zomwe zingapangitse mtengo wamankhwala ndikutulutsa zowononga zina.

Pressurizing Hydrolysis Njira

Mfundo: Mwa njira iyi, sodium cyanide yamadzimadzi - yomwe imakhala ndi madzi oipa amayikidwa mu chidebe chotsekedwa. Alkali amawonjezeredwa, ndiyeno madzi onyansa amatenthedwa ndi kukakamizidwa. Pazifukwa izi, cyanide imakumana ndi hydrolysis reaction. Ma cyanide ions amachita ndi mamolekyu amadzi kuti apange non-toxic sodium formate (HCOONA) ndi ammonia (NH₃). Chemical reaction equation ndi:

CN⁻ + 2H₂O → HCOO⁻ + NH₃

Ubwino ndi Zoyipa: Njira yokakamiza ya hydrolysis imakhala ndi kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa cyanide m'madzi onyansa. Itha kugwiranso ntchito zovuta za cyanide. Ntchitoyi ndi yowongoka kwambiri potengera zomwe zimachitika. Komabe, njirayi imafuna zida zapadera za pressurization ndi kutentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndondomeko yonseyi ikhale yovuta. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi ndi zida zamagetsi ndizokwera kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri zamankhwala.

Njira ya Acidized

Mfundo: Mu njira ya acidized, sulfuric acid imawonjezeredwa ku madzi a sodium cyanide - okhala ndi madzi otayira kuti asinthe pH mpaka 2 - 3. Pansi pa acidic, cyanide m'madzi otayira amachitira kupanga mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Popeza kachulukidwe ka mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ndi wocheperako, ndipo pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya mpweya wabwino, mpweya umadutsa m'madzi oipa kuti utulutse mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide. Mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ukhoza kulowetsedwa mu njira ya alkali yobwezeretsanso. The Chemical reaction yayikulu ndi:

CN⁻ + H⁺ → HCN↑

Ubwino ndi Zoyipa: Ubwino wina wa njirayi ndikuti imatha kubwezeretsanso sodium cyanide, yomwe ili ndi phindu pazachuma. Komabe, njirayi imafuna kuwongolera mosamalitsa zikhalidwe zogwirira ntchito. Mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ndi wapoizoni kwambiri, ndipo kutayikira kulikonse panthawiyi kumatha kuwononga chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu. Chifukwa chake, njira zachitetezo chapamwamba komanso kusindikiza zida zimafunikira.

Njira Zochiritsira Zachilengedwe

Mfundo: Tizilombo tating’onoting’ono timatha kuwola cyanide. Mu Njira Zochiritsira Zachilengedwe, mabakiteriya enieni kapena bowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti awononge cyanide mu zinyalala zamadzimadzi. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti titha kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide ngati gwero la kaboni kapena nayitrogeni kudzera muzochita zingapo za enzymatic, ndikuzisintha kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni monga carbon dioxide, madzi, ndi ammonia. Mwachitsanzo, mabakiteriya ena owononga cyanide amatha kuphwanya cyanide kukhala mankhwala osavulaza kwambiri kudzera munjira za metabolic.

Ubwino ndi Zoyipa: Njira zochiritsira zachilengedwe ndizogwirizana ndi chilengedwe chifukwa sizimawonetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala opangira mankhwala. Zitha kukhala zotsika mtengo pochiza cyanide yotsika - yokhala ndi zinyalala zamadzimadzi pakatha ntchito yayitali. Komabe, amakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga kutentha, pH, ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zina zapoizoni mu zinyalala. Njira yochiritsira ingafunikenso nthawi yayitali kuti mukwaniritse zomwe mukufuna, ndipo kukhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa njira yamankhwala yachilengedwe kungakhale kovuta.

Chitetezo pa Nthawi ya Chithandizo

Pochiza madzi sodium cyanide zinyalala, okhwima Chitetezo ziyenera kutengedwa. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuvala zida zodzitetezera zoyenera, kuphatikiza masuti osamva mankhwala, magolovesi, magalasi, ndi zida zodzitetezera ku kupuma. Malo opangira chithandizo ayenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino, komanso zipangizo zothandizira mwadzidzidzi monga malo ochapira m'maso ndi shawa zachitetezo ziyenera kupezeka mosavuta. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito zonse zochizira ziyenera kutsata malamulo okhudzana ndi chitetezo kuti apewe ngozi ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito ndi chilengedwe.

Kutsiliza

Kusamalira moyenera zinyalala zamadzimadzi za sodium cyanide n'kofunika kwambiri poteteza thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe. Pomvetsetsa kuopsa kwa zinyalalazi ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera zothandizira monga alkaline chlorination, pressurizing hydrolysis, chithandizo cha acidized, kapena mankhwala achilengedwe, komanso kusamala kwambiri za chitetezo, tikhoza kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa zinyalala zamadzimadzi sodium cyanide. Ndikofunikira kuti mafakitale omwe amatulutsa zinyalala zotere aziyika ndalama m'malo ochiritsira oyenera ndikuwonetsetsa kuti njira zonse zogwirira ntchito ndi chithandizo zimachitidwa moyenera komanso motsatira.