Kuchiza Moyenera kwa Zinyalala Zamadzimadzi za Sodium Cyanide

Introduction

Sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale monga migodi, electroplating, ndi kupanga mankhwala chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zapadera za mankhwala. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito Sodium Cyanide kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zinyalala zokhala ndi cyanide, ndipo zinyalala za Liquid Sodium Cyanide , makamaka, zimawopseza kwambiri thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe ngati sizigwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. Cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri ndipo imatha kuvulaza kwambiri zamoyo ngakhale pang'ono. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera zothetsera zinyalalazi.

Zowopsa za Liquid Sodium Cyanide Waste

Poizoni kwa Anthu

Cyanide imatha kulowa m'thupi la munthu kudzera mu kupuma, kumeza, kapena kukhudzana ndi khungu. Ikalowa m'thupi, imatha kumangirira mwachangu ku cytochrome oxidase m'maselo, kuletsa kupuma kwa maselo ndikupangitsa kuti minofu ikhale yopanda mpweya. Pazochitika zazikulu, ingayambitse imfa mwachangu. Ngakhale kuwonetsedwa pang'ono kwa nthawi yayitali kungayambitse zizindikiro monga mutu, chizungulire, kufooka, komanso nthawi zina, mavuto azaumoyo osatha. Polimbana ndi zinyalala za sodium cyanide zamadzimadzi , chiopsezo chokhudzana mwangozi chimakhala chachikulu, makamaka ngati palibe njira zoyenera zodzitetezera.

Kukhudza Zamoyo Zam'madzi

Zinyalala za Sodium cyanide zamadzimadzi , ngati zitatayidwa m'madzi, zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri kwa zamoyo zam'madzi. Ngakhale zitakhala zochepa kwambiri, zimatha kusokoneza ntchito za thupi la nsomba, zamoyo zopanda mafupa, ndi zamoyo zina zam'madzi. Zingakhudze kupuma kwawo, kukula, kubereka, ndi chitetezo cha mthupi. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuchuluka kwa cyanide ion kuli 0.02 - 1.0 mg/l (mkati mwa maola 24), nsomba zimatha kufa. Cyanide ingayambitsenso kuwonongeka kwa nthawi yayitali kwa zachilengedwe zam'madzi mwa kuchepetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo ndikusokoneza unyolo wa chakudya.

Zotsatira pa Zomera

Zomera zikakumana ndi zinyalala zamadzimadzi za sodium cyanide, zitha kukhala ndi vuto pakukula ndi kukula kwawo. Kuchuluka kwa cyanide kumatha kulepheretsa kukula kwa mizu, kuchepetsa kuyamwa kwa michere, ndikusokoneza photosynthesis. Kumadera aulimi, izi zitha kupangitsa kuti zokolola zichepe komanso kuti zikhale zabwino. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati zinyalala zamadzimadzi za sodium cyanide zitagwiritsidwa ntchito m'thirira, zitha kuwononga nthaka, kuwononga nthaka yabwino komanso kumera kwa mbewu zotsatira.

Njira Zochizira Zamadzimadzi Zamadzimadzi Sodium Cyanide

Njira ya Alkaline Chlorination

Mfundo : Njira iyi imasintha pH ya madzi otayira a sodium cyanide kukhala 8.5 - 9 kenako imawonjezera ma oxidants okhala ndi chlorine. Ma oxidants okhala ndi chlorine, monga bleach (makamaka NaClO) kapena mpweya wa chlorine (Cl₂, womwe umasungunuka m'madzi kuti upange HClO), amachitapo kanthu ndi ma ion a cyanide (CN⁻). Mu gawo loyamba, cyanide imasinthidwa kukhala cyanate (CNO⁻), yomwe ndi yopanda poizoni kwambiri. Kusungunuka kwina kumatha kusintha cyanate kukhala carbon dioxide (CO₂) ndi nayitrogeni (N₂). Machitidwe a mankhwala amatha kufotokozedwa motere:

CN⁻ + ClO⁻ + H₂O → CNO⁻ + Cl⁻ + 2H⁺

2CNO⁻ + 3ClO⁻ + H₂O → 2CO₂ + N₂ + 3Cl⁻ + 2OH⁻

Ubwino ndi Kuipa : Njira ya alkaline chlorination ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Imatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'madzi otayidwa mpaka kufika pamlingo wotsika. Komabe, ndiyoyenera kwambiri pochiza madzi otayidwa ndi kuchuluka kochepa kwa cyanide. Ngati kuchuluka kwa cyanide kuli kokwera kwambiri, padzafunika ma oxidant ambiri ochokera ku chlorine, zomwe zingawonjezere mtengo wochizira ndikupanga zinthu zina zoipitsa.

Pressurizing Hydrolysis Njira

Mfundo : Mu njira iyi, madzi otayira okhala ndi sodium cyanide amaikidwa mu chidebe chotsekedwa. Alkali imawonjezedwa, kenako madzi otayira amatenthedwa ndikukakamizidwa. Pansi pa izi, cyanide imakumana ndi ma hydrolysis reactions. Ma ioni a cyanide amachitapo kanthu ndi mamolekyu amadzi kuti apange sodium formate (HCOONa) yopanda poizoni ndi ammonia (NH₃). Equation ya chemical reaction ndi iyi:

CN⁻ + 2H₂O → HCOO⁻ + NH₃

Ubwino ndi Kuipa : Njira yogwiritsira ntchito hydrolysis yokakamiza imakhala ndi njira zambiri zosinthira kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'madzi otayira. Imathanso kuthana ndi mankhwala ovuta a cyanide. Ntchitoyi ndi yosavuta pankhani ya momwe zinthu zimachitikira. Komabe, njira iyi imafuna zida zapadera zogwiritsira ntchito pressurization ndi kutentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yonse ikhale yovuta. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida ndizokwera kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri zochizira.

Njira ya Acidized

Mfundo : Mu njira yokhala ndi asidi, sulfuric acid imawonjezeredwa ku madzi otayira a sodium cyanide kuti isinthe pH kukhala 2 - 3. Mu mkhalidwe wa asidi, cyanide m'madzi otayira imachitapo kanthu ndikupanga mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Popeza kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ndi kochepa, ndipo pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya kuthamanga kwa mpweya, mpweya umadutsa m'madzi otayira kuti utulutse mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide. Mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide womwe umatulutsidwa ukhoza kulowetsedwa mu yankho la alkali kuti libwezeretsedwenso. Yankho lalikulu la mankhwala ndi:

CN⁻ + H⁺ → HCN↑

Ubwino ndi Kuipa : Chimodzi mwa ubwino wa njira iyi ndichakuti imatha kubwezeretsa sodium cyanide, yomwe ili ndi phindu linalake pazachuma. Komabe, njira iyi imafuna kuwongolera kwambiri momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito. Mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ndi woopsa kwambiri, ndipo kutayikira kulikonse panthawiyi kumatha kubweretsa chiwopsezo chachikulu ku chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu. Chifukwa chake, njira zodzitetezera zapamwamba komanso kutseka zida ndizofunikira.

Njira Zochiritsira Zachilengedwe

Mfundo : Tizilombo tina timene timatha kuwononga cyanide. Mu Njira Zochizira Matenda a Biological , mabakiteriya kapena bowa enaake amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwononga cyanide m'madzi otayira. Tizilomboti timagwiritsa ntchito cyanide ngati gwero la kaboni kapena nayitrogeni kudzera mu njira zingapo za enzymatic reactions, zomwe zimasanduka zinthu zopanda poizoni monga carbon dioxide, madzi, ndi ammonia. Mwachitsanzo, mabakiteriya ena omwe amawononga cyanide amatha kuswa cyanide kukhala mankhwala osavulaza kwambiri kudzera mu njira za kagayidwe kachakudya.

Ubwino ndi Kuipa : Njira zochizira matenda achilengedwe ndi zabwino kwa chilengedwe chifukwa sizimayambitsa mankhwala ambiri. Zitha kukhala zotsika mtengo pochiza zinyalala zamadzimadzi zomwe zili ndi cyanide yochepa pakapita nthawi yayitali. Komabe, zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga kutentha, pH, komanso kupezeka kwa zinthu zina zoopsa m'zinyalala. Njira yochizira ingatengenso nthawi yayitali kuti ikwaniritse zotsatira zomwe mukufuna, ndipo kukhazikitsa koyamba kwa njira yochizira matenda achilengedwe kungakhale kovuta.

Chitetezo pa Nthawi ya Chithandizo

Pochiza zinyalala zamadzimadzi za sodium cyanide, muyenera kutsatira malangizo okhwima okhudza chitetezo . Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuvala zida zoyenera zodzitetezera, kuphatikizapo masuti osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, magolovesi, magalasi a maso, ndi zida zotetezera kupuma. Malo ochiritsira ayenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino, ndipo zida zoyankhira mwadzidzidzi monga malo otsukira maso ndi shawa ziyenera kupezeka mosavuta. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito zonse zochiritsira ziyenera kutsatira malamulo ndi miyezo yoyenera yachitetezo kuti apewe ngozi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito ndi chilengedwe ndi otetezeka.

Kutsiliza

Kusamalira moyenera zinyalala zamadzimadzi za sodium cyanide n'kofunika kwambiri poteteza thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe. Pomvetsetsa kuopsa kwa zinyalalazi ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera zothandizira monga alkaline chlorination, pressurizing hydrolysis, chithandizo cha acidized, kapena mankhwala achilengedwe, komanso kusamala kwambiri za chitetezo, tikhoza kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa zinyalala zamadzimadzi sodium cyanide. Ndikofunikira kuti mafakitale omwe amatulutsa zinyalala zotere aziyika ndalama m'malo ochiritsira oyenera ndikuwonetsetsa kuti njira zonse zogwirira ntchito ndi chithandizo zimachitidwa moyenera komanso motsatira.