Kuopsa kwa Sodium Cyanide ku Chilengedwe ndi Njira Zotetezera

Introduction

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana amafakitale, kuphatikizapo migodi ya golide ndi siliva, electroplating, ndi organic synthesis. Makhalidwe ake apadera a mankhwala amawapangitsa kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale ena. Komabe, kusasamalira bwino, kusunga, kapena kutaya Sodium cyanide kungayambitse zotsatirapo zoopsa kwambiri pa chilengedwe, zomwe zimayambitsa zoopsa zazikulu pa ubwino wa nthaka, madzi, ndi mpweya. Kumvetsetsa zoopsazi ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera ndikofunikira kwambiri pakusunga chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu.

Katundu ndi Magwero a Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide ndi chinthu choyera, cholimba cha kristalo chomwe chimasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi. Chili ndi fungo la amondi lowawa, ngakhale kuti si aliyense amene angamve fungoli. M'mafakitale, chimadyedwa mochuluka. Mwachitsanzo, m'makampani opanga golide ndi siliva, njira yopangira cyanidation imagwiritsa ntchito Sodium Cyanide kusungunula zitsulo zamtengo wapatali kuchokera ku miyala. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kupanga zitsulo zosungunuka - cyanide complexes. Makampani opanga ma electroplating amagwiritsa ntchito kuyika chitsulo chopyapyala pazigawo zosiyanasiyana, ndipo chimagwira ntchito ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga mankhwala ambiri achilengedwe m'makampani opanga mankhwala. Mwatsoka, kutayikira mwangozi panthawi yonyamula kapena kupanga, njira zosayenera zotayira zinyalala, ndi kutuluka kwa madzi kuchokera m'malo osungira ndi magwero wamba omwe sodium cyanide imatha kutulutsidwa m'chilengedwe.

Zowopsa Zachilengedwe

Zotsatira pa Dothi

1.Effect pa Soil Microorganisms

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tanthaka ndi "injiniya" wa chilengedwe cha nthaka, omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusunga chonde m'nthaka, kuthandizira kuyendetsa njinga zamafuta, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti nthaka yathanzi. Sodium cyanide, ngakhale m'nthaka yotsika kwambiri, imatha kukhala ngati choletsa champhamvu cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ikhoza kusokoneza kagayidwe kachakudya kagayidwe kachakudya ka mabakiteriya, bowa, ndi tizilombo tina tating’ono tothandiza. Mwachitsanzo, mabakiteriya ena okonza nayitrogeni, omwe ali ndi udindo wotembenuza nayitrogeni wa mumlengalenga kukhala mawonekedwe ofikira ku zomera, amatha kukhala ndi mphamvu yokonza nayitrogeni yomwe imasokonezedwa kwambiri ndi cyanide. Kusokoneza kwa nayitrogeni kumeneku kumatha kupangitsa kuchepa kwa chonde m'nthaka pakapita nthawi. Pakuchulukirachulukira, cyanide imatha kupha tizirombo tambiri tadothi, kuchepetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndikusokoneza kusakhazikika kwachilengedwe m'nthaka.

2.Kusintha kwa Mapangidwe a Dothi ndi Kupezeka kwa Chakudya Chakudya

Cyanide imatha kumangika ndi zitsulo ndi zinthu zomwe zili m'nthaka, kupanga zinthu zokhazikika. Kumanga kumeneku kungapangitse kuti zakudya zofunika monga chitsulo, zinki, ndi mkuwa zisafike ku zomera. Komanso, cyanide ikakumana ndi zigawo za dothi, imatha kuyambitsa kusintha kwa nthaka pH. Kusintha kwa pH uku, kumakhudzanso kusungunuka ndi kupezeka kwa zakudya zina. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zina, kusintha kwa pH kwa cyanide kungayambitse mvula ya phosphorous, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asapezeke potengera mbewu. Kuphatikiza apo, cyanide imatha kusokoneza momwe nthaka ikuphatikiza. Kuphatikizika kwa nthaka yathanzi ndikofunikira kuti madzi alowerere, kulowa mizu, komanso mpweya wabwino wa nthaka. Dothi likasokonezedwa, dothi limakhala lolimba kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi asayende bwino komanso kuti mizu ya zomera ikhale yochepa.

3.Kudetsedwa kwa Dothi ndi Kutalika - Kulimbikira Kwanthawi

Sodium cyanide ikalowa m'nthaka, kulimbikira kwake kumadalira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Nthawi zina, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena mankhwala amatha kuwononga cyanide pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, m'nthaka ya anaerobic kapena acidic kwambiri, yomwe si yabwino kuwonongeka, cyanide imatha kudziunjikira m'nthaka. Kulimbikira kwa nthawi yayitali kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti nthaka ikhoza kukhala yoipitsidwa kwa zaka zambiri, kuyika chiwopsezo ku kukula kwa mbewu ndi zamoyo zokhala m'nthaka. Komanso, dothi loipitsidwa limatha kukhala gwero lachiwiri la kuipitsidwa. Cyanide imatha kulowa m'madzi apansi kapena kutengeka ndi kusefukira kwamadzi, kufalitsa kuipitsidwako kumadera oyandikana nawo.

Kuipitsa madzi

Kusungunuka kwambiri kwa sodium cyanide m'madzi kumapangitsa kukhala chiwopsezo chachikulu ku zamoyo zam'madzi. Ikatulutsidwa m'madzi am'madzi monga mitsinje, nyanja, kapena mitsinje, imasungunuka ndikugawanika kukhala ma cyanide ions. Ngakhale pamalo otsika kwambiri, cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri kwa zamoyo zam'madzi. Nsomba, zamoyo zopanda msana, ndi amphibians ndizowopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha cyanide. Cyanide ikhoza kusokoneza machitidwe awo opuma, kulepheretsa kutengeka kwa mpweya. Zotsatira zake, nsomba zimatha kuchepa kusambira, kuletsa kuberekana, ndipo zikavuta kwambiri, kufa kwa anthu ambiri. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ndende zotsika monga 5 - 7.2 micrograms pa lita imodzi ya free cyanide akhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zoipa pa nsomba, ndi milingo pamwamba 200 micrograms pa lita ndi mofulumira poizoni kwa mitundu yambiri ya nsomba. Zamoyo zopanda msana zimasonyezanso zotsatira zosaopsa zomwe zimakhala zochepa kwambiri za cyanide ndi zotsatira zakupha pazigawo zokwera pang'ono. Komanso, cyanide imatha kuwononga madzi apansi panthaka, omwe ndi gwero lalikulu la madzi akumwa m'madera ambiri. Ngati cyanide - madzi apansi oipitsidwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakumwa, amatha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu ku thanzi la munthu, zomwe zimayambitsa zizindikiro monga mutu, chizungulire, nseru, komanso nthawi zambiri, imfa.

Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya

Pamene sodium cyanide ikakhudzana ndi ma acid, mchere wa asidi, madzi, chinyezi, kapena Carbon dioxide, imatha kupanga mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide (HCN) woopsa kwambiri komanso woyaka. Mpweya uwu ukhoza kutulutsidwa mumlengalenga, makamaka m'mafakitale komwe kutayikira mwangozi kapena kusamalidwa bwino. Mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ndi woopsa kwambiri chifukwa anthu ndi nyama amatha kuupuma mosavuta. Kupuma mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ngakhale pang'ono kungayambitse mavuto azaumoyo nthawi yomweyo, kuphatikizapo kupuma movutikira, kupuma mofulumira, mutu, chizungulire, ndipo mukakumana ndi anthu ambiri, kungayambitse kupuma movutikira komanso kufa. Kuwonjezera pa zoopsa za thanzi, mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ukhozanso kuyambitsa kuipitsa mpweya m'dera lozungulira, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya komanso kusokoneza ubwino wa chilengedwe chonse.

Njira Zotetezera

Chitetezo Pantchito

1.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

• Chitetezo cha Kupuma : M'malo omwe sodium cyanide ingalowe m'malo, monga panthawi yopanga, kunyamula, kapena ngati pangakhale kutuluka madzi, ogwira ntchito ayenera kukhala ndi chitetezo choyenera cha kupuma. Zipangizo zopumira zokha (SCBAs) zimalimbikitsidwa pazochitika zoopsa kwambiri, chifukwa zimapereka mpweya wabwino wodalirika, zomwe zimathandiza kupewa kupumira kwa cyanide - fumbi kapena mpweya. Pazochitika zosakhudzana kwambiri, zopumira zoyeretsa mpweya zokhala ndi zosefera zinazake zopangidwa kuti zichotse mankhwala a cyanide zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, koma kugwira ntchito kwawo kumadalira kwambiri momwe zimakhalira komanso kukhazikika kwa zosefera.

• Chitetezo cha Khungu ndi Maso : Sodium cyanide imatha kuyambitsa kutentha kwambiri ikakhudzana ndi khungu ndi maso. Chifukwa chake, ogwira ntchito ayenera kuvala zovala zolimba thupi lonse, kuphatikizapo magolovesi ndi nsapato. Magalasi oteteza kapena zoteteza nkhope ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti ateteze maso ku madontho kapena tinthu ta fumbi. Zovala zotetezazi ziyenera kupangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe sizingalowerere ku sodium cyanide kuti zitsimikizire kuti ndi zotetezeka kwambiri.

• Zida Zina Zodzitetezera : Kupatula chitetezo cha kupuma, khungu, ndi maso, ogwira ntchito ayeneranso kuvala zipewa zolimba m'malo omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chogwa zinthu komanso chitetezo choyenera cha kumva ngati akugwira ntchito m'malo aphokoso okhudzana ndi opaleshoni ya sodium cyanide.

2.Njira Zotetezera Pantchito

• Kusungira : Sodium cyanide iyenera kusungidwa pamalo osungiramo zinthu apadera, opumira bwino, komanso otsekedwa omwe ali osiyana ndi mankhwala ena, makamaka omwe angagwirizane nayo. Zidebe zosungiramo zinthu ziyenera kutsekedwa bwino ndikupangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe sizingawonongeke ndi sodium cyanide, monga polyethylene yochuluka kapena chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Zolemba zowonekera bwino pazidebe ziyenera kusonyeza zomwe zili mkati, zoopsa, ndi malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito. Malo osungiramo zinthu ayeneranso kukhala ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zotayira madzi, monga ma dikes kapena ma tray, kuti apewe kufalikira kwa sodium cyanide iliyonse yotuluka.

• Njira Zogwiritsira Ntchito : Kugwira ntchito konse kwa sodium cyanide kuyenera kuchitika pamalo olamulidwa motsatira njira zokhazikika zogwirira ntchito. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuphunzitsidwa njira zoyenera zonyamulira, kutsanulira, ndi kusamutsa kuti achepetse chiopsezo cha kutayikira kapena kupopera. Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito sodium cyanide ziyenera kupangidwa ndi zinthu zosayatsa moto kuti zisayake zosakaniza zilizonse zomwe zingayake. Pambuyo pa kugwiritsa ntchito kulikonse, zida ndi malo ogwirira ntchito ziyenera kutsukidwa bwino ndikuchotsedwa zotsalira za sodium cyanide.

• Mpweya wokwanira : Mpweya wokwanira ndi wofunikira kwambiri m'malo ogwirira ntchito komwe kuli sodium cyanide. Makina opumira mpweya m'deralo ayenera kuyikidwa pamalo omwe angathe kutulutsidwa, monga potsegula zidebe kapena panthawi yopanga. Mpweya wokwanira m'malo onse ogwirira ntchito uyeneranso kukhala wokwanira kusunga mpweya wabwino ndikuchepetsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta sodium cyanide kapena nthunzi. Kuyang'anira pafupipafupi khalidwe la mpweya pamalo ogwirira ntchito ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumakhalabe mkati mwa malire oyenera.

3. Maphunziro a Anthu

• Chidziwitso cha Zoopsa : Ogwira ntchito onse omwe angakhudze sodium cyanide, kuphatikizapo omwe akugwira ntchito yopanga, kuyendetsa, kusunga, ndi kuyankha mwadzidzidzi, ayenera kuphunzitsidwa mokwanira za zoopsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mankhwalawo. Izi zikuphatikizapo kumvetsetsa poizoni wake, njira zomwe angakhudzire (kupuma, kumeza, ndi kukhudzana ndi khungu), komanso zizindikiro za poizoni wa cyanide.

• Kusamalira ndi Kusunga Motetezeka : Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuphunzitsidwa njira zoyenera zogwiritsira ntchito ndi kusunga monga tafotokozera pamwambapa. Ayeneranso kudziwa bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodzitetezera komanso momwe angachotsere ndi kuchotsa bwino. Maphunziro ayenera kuphatikizapo zitsanzo zogwira ntchito komanso luso logwira ntchito kuti atsimikizire kuti ogwira ntchito ali ndi chidaliro mu luso lawo logwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide mosamala.

• Maphunziro Okhudza Kuyankha Mwadzidzidzi : Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuphunzitsidwa njira zothanirana ndi mavuto mwadzidzidzi, kuphatikizapo momwe angazindikire zizindikiro za kutuluka kwa sodium cyanide kapena kukhudzana ndi ngozi, momwe angayambitsire chithandizo chadzidzidzi, komanso momwe angathandizire anthu odwala ngati ali ndi poizoni wa cyanide. Mayeso obwerezabwereza ayenera kuchitika kuti ayesere ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya dongosolo lothanirana ndi mavuto mwadzidzidzi.

Njira Zadzidzidzi

1.Incident Response

• Kupatula ndi Kutulutsa : Ngati sodium cyanide yatuluka kapena yatayikira, malo okhudzidwawo ayenera kuchotsedwa nthawi yomweyo kuti apewe kufalikira kwa poizoniyo. Njira zotulutsira ziyenera kuyambitsidwa mwachangu, ndipo antchito onse osafunikira ayenera kusunthidwa kutali ndi komwe kwachitika ngoziyo. Njira zotulutsira ziyenera kukhala zodziwika bwino komanso zodziwika bwino kwa ogwira ntchito onse.

• Kusunga ndi Kuyeretsa : Magulu apadera okhala ndi zida zoyenera zodzitetezera komanso zinthu zoyankhira zomwe zatayikira ayenera kuyikidwa kuti ateteze zomwe zatayikira. Izi zitha kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoyamwitsa, monga Activated Carbon kapena vermiculite, kuti anyowe madzi a sodium cyanide. Sodium cyanide yolimba ikhoza kusefedwa mosamala ndikuyikidwa m'zidebe zotsekedwa kuti zitayidwe bwino. Pambuyo poti zatayikira, malowo ayenera kutsukidwa bwino pogwiritsa ntchito zotsukira zoyenera komanso njira zoyenera zochotsera zotsalira za sodium cyanide.

• Chidziwitso : Ngati pachitika ngozi ya sodium cyanide, akuluakulu oyenerera, monga mabungwe oteteza zachilengedwe, madipatimenti ozimitsa moto, ndi magulu othandizira mwadzidzidzi, ayenera kudziwitsidwa nthawi yomweyo. Kulankhulana nthawi yake ndikofunikira kuti pakhale yankho logwirizana komanso lothandiza kuti pakhale kuchepetsa zotsatira za chilengedwe ndi thanzi.

2.Kuchiza Cyanide - Muli Zinyalala

• Njira Yothira Chlorini ya Alkaline : Njirayi ikuphatikizapo kusintha pH ya madzi otayira okhala ndi cyanide kufika pa 8.5 - 9 kenako kuwonjezera ma oxidants okhala ndi chlorine. Ma oxidants okhala ndi chlorine, monga bleach (makamaka NaClO) kapena mpweya wa chlorine (Cl₂, womwe umasungunuka m'madzi kuti upange HClO), amakumana ndi ma ion a cyanide (CN⁻). Mu gawo loyamba, cyanide imasinthidwa kukhala cyanate (CNO⁻), yomwe ndi yopanda poizoni kwambiri. Kuthira kwina kumatha kusintha cyanate kukhala carbon dioxide (CO₂) ndi nayitrogeni (N₂). Njirayi ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo imatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'madzi otayira kufika pamlingo wotsika. Komabe, ndiyoyenera kwambiri pochiza madzi otayira okhala ndi kuchuluka kochepa kwa cyanide. Madzi otayira okhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa cyanide angafunike kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ma oxidants okhala ndi chlorine, zomwe zimawonjezera ndalama zochizira komanso zomwe zingapange zinthu zina zoipitsa.

• Njira Yopopera Mphamvu ya Hydrolysis : Mu njira iyi, madzi otayira okhala ndi cyanide amaikidwa mu chidebe chotsekedwa. Alkali imawonjezedwa, kenako madzi otayira amatenthedwa ndikukakamizidwa. Pansi pa izi, cyanide imakumana ndi ma hydrolysis reaction. Ma ion a cyanide amachitapo kanthu ndi mamolekyu amadzi kuti apange sodium formate (HCOONa) yopanda poizoni ndi ammonia (NH₃). Njirayi imatha kusinthasintha ndi kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'madzi otayira ndipo imatha kuthana ndi mankhwala ovuta a cyanide. Komabe, imafuna zida zapadera zopopera mphamvu ndi kutentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yonse ikhale yovuta. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso ndalama zambiri pazida zimapangitsanso kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri zochizira.

• Njira Yogwiritsira Ntchito Asidi : Mu njira yogwiritsira ntchito asidi, sulfuric acid imawonjezeredwa ku cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi otayira kuti isinthe pH kukhala 2 - 3. Mu mkhalidwe wa asidi, cyanide m'madzi otayira imachitapo kanthu ndikupanga mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Popeza kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ndi kochepa, mpweya umadutsa m'madzi otayira kuti utulutse mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, kenako mpweyawo umalowetsedwa mu yankho la alkali kuti ubwezeretsedwenso. Ubwino umodzi wa njira iyi ndi kuthekera kobwezeretsa sodium cyanide, yomwe ili ndi phindu linalake lazachuma. Komabe, imafuna kuwongolera mwamphamvu momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito chifukwa mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ndi woopsa kwambiri. Kutayikira kulikonse panthawiyi kumatha kubweretsa chiwopsezo chachikulu ku chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu, zomwe zimafuna njira zapamwamba zotetezera komanso kutseka zida.

• Njira Zochiritsira Zachilengedwe : Tizilombo tina timene timatha kuwononga cyanide. Mu njira zochiritsira zachilengedwe, mabakiteriya kapena bowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwononga cyanide m'zinyalala. Tizilomboti timagwiritsa ntchito cyanide ngati gwero la kaboni kapena nayitrogeni kudzera muzochita zosiyanasiyana za enzymatic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale zinthu zopanda poizoni monga carbon dioxide, madzi, ndi ammonia. Njira zochiritsira zachilengedwe zimakhala zotetezeka ku chilengedwe chifukwa sizimayambitsa mankhwala ambiri. Komabe, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kumadera okhala ndi chilengedwe, ndipo mphamvu ya mankhwala ingakhudzidwe ndi zinthu monga kutentha, pH, ndi kukhalapo kwa zinthu zina zoipitsa.

Kutsiliza

Sodium cyanide, ngakhale kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, imakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu ku chilengedwe. Zotsatira zake pa nthaka, madzi, ndi mpweya zimatha kubweretsa zotsatira za nthawi yayitali komanso zofikira patali pazachilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu. Komabe, kupyolera mu kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zotetezera chitetezo kuntchito, ndondomeko zogwira mtima zadzidzidzi, ndi njira zoyenera zothandizira cyanide - zomwe zili ndi zinyalala, tikhoza kuchepetsa ziopsezozi. Ndi udindo wa mafakitale, akuluakulu oyang'anira, ndi anthu onse kuwonetsetsa kuti mankhwala a sodium cyanide akusungidwa bwino, kusungidwa, ndi kutaya kuti ateteze chilengedwe chathu ndikuteteza mibadwo yamtsogolo.