Zowopsa ndi Njira Zochiritsira za Cyanide - yokhala ndi Madzi Otayira

Introduction

Cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi oipa ndizovuta kwambiri zachilengedwe chifukwa cha poizoni kwambiri. Atatu omwe amadziwika kuti ndi oopsa kwambiri cyanides, Sodium cyanide (NaCN), potaziyamu cyanide (KCN), ndi hydrocyanic acid (HCN), zimawopseza kwambiri thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe. Zomwe zimachitika pakati pa izi Cyanides ndi kuthekera kwawo kulekanitsa ndi kumasula ion cyanide (CN-).

Zowopsa za Cyanide - zomwe zili ndi madzi onyansa

Toxicity Mechanism kwa Anthu

Poizoni wakupha wa ma cyanides agona pa mfundo yakuti cyanide ion (CN-) ili ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu wa ayoni wachitsulo. Kamodzi m'thupi la munthu, CN- imamangiriza mosavuta ndi ayoni achitsulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa mpweya - kunyamula mphamvu yachitsulo - yomwe ili ndi zinthu. Izi pamapeto pake zimabweretsa kusowa kwa okosijeni m'maselo apakati amanjenje. Zotsatira zake, anthu omwe ali ndi poizoni nthawi zambiri amafa chifukwa cha kupuma kwapakati. Poizoni akhoza kuchitika kudzera njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kukhudzana khungu, m`kamwa kumeza, inhalation, jekeseni, ndi mucosal kukhudzana. Ngakhale kuwonetsa pang'ono kwa cyanide kumatha kuwopseza moyo.

Mphamvu Zachilengedwe

Cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi oipa, ngati sanasankhidwe bwino ndikutayidwa m'madzi, akhoza kuwononga kwambiri zamoyo zam'madzi. Zamoyo zam'madzi zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi cyanide. Ngakhale pamlingo wocheperako, cyanide imatha kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito achilengedwe a nsomba, zamoyo zopanda msana, ndi zamoyo zina zam'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa kukula, mavuto obala, komanso imfa. Izi, nazonso, zimatha kusokoneza chilengedwe chonse cha m'madzi, kusokoneza mayendedwe a zakudya ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.

Njira Zochiritsira za Cyanide - zomwe zili ndi madzi onyansa

High - Concentration Cyanide - yomwe ili ndi Chithandizo cha Madzi a Waste: Kubwezeretsanso kwa Cyanides

Kwa cyanide yapamwamba - yomwe imakhala ndi madzi oipa, njira yobwezeretsanso ma cyanides imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Njira imeneyi ikufuna kuchotsa ndi kubwezeretsanso ma cyanides ofunika m'madzi oipa. Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino ndiyo kuchotsa zosungunulira. Pochotsa zosungunulira, chosungunulira choyenera cha organic chimagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha mankhwala a cyanide kuchokera pagawo lamadzi onyansa amadzi. Gawo lodzaza ndi cyanide litha kukonzedwanso kuti lipezenso ma cyanides oyera. Njirayi ili ndi ubwino osati kuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe pochotsa cyanide m'madzi oipa komanso kupezanso mankhwala omwe angakhale ofunika kwambiri. Komabe, pamafunika kusankha mosamala zosungunulira ndi kulamulira okhwima zinthu ntchito kuonetsetsa mkulu - dzuwa m'zigawo ndi kuchepetsa zosungunulira zotayika.

Low - Concentration Cyanide - yomwe ili ndi Chithandizo cha Madzi a Waste: Kuwonongeka kwa Cyanide

Njira za Oxidation

1.Chemical Oxidation

• Mfundo: Njira zopangira okosijeni pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamphamvu zopangira okosijeni kuti zisinthe ma ayoni a cyanide kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni kapena zopanda poizoni. Mwachitsanzo, ma oxidants okhala ndi chlorine monga sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi ma ayoni a cyanide. Choyamba, kuchitapo kanthuko kumasintha cyanide (CN-) kukhala cyanate (CNO-), ndipo okosijeni wowonjezera amatha kuswa cyanate kukhala Carbon mpweya woipa (CO2), nayitrogeni (N2), ndi zinthu zina zopanda vuto. Zonsezi zitha kufotokozedwa motere:

• Mu sitepe yoyamba: (CN^ -+OCl^ -\rightarrow CNO^ -+Cl^)

• Mugawo lachiwiri: (2CNO^ -+3OCl^ -+H_2O\rightarrow 2CO_2 + N_2+3Cl^ -+2OH^ -)

• ubwino: Chemical oxidation ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo imatha kukhala yothandiza pochiza low-concentration cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi oipa. Itha kukhazikitsidwa m'mafakitale omwe alipo kale oyeretsera madzi oyipa ndi zosintha zina pamachitidwe ochizira.

• kuipa: Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri za okosijeni kumatha kukhala kokwera mtengo. Komanso, ngati sichiyendetsedwa bwino, zomwe zimachitika zimatha kutulutsa - zinthu zomwe zitha kuwononga chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito chlorine kwambiri kungayambitse kupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi - mankhwala monga trihalomethanes.

2.Electrolytic Oxidation

• Mfundo: Mu electrolytic oxidation, mphamvu yamagetsi imadutsa mu cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi oipa mu selo la electrolytic. Anode ya cell imakhala ngati malo omwe makutidwe ndi okosijeni amapezeka. Ma cyanide ions amapangidwa ndi okosijeni pamtunda wa anode. Zomwe zimachitika pa anode zitha kulembedwa ngati (2CN ^ -+4OH^ -\rightarrow 2CNO^ -+2H_2O + 2e^ -), ndipo kuwonjezereka kwa okosijeni kwa cyanate kumatha kupanga mpweya woipa ndi nayitrogeni.

• ubwino: Ndi njira yochiritsira yoyera kwambiri chifukwa siyiyambitsa mankhwala owonjezera kupatula ma elekitirodi. Itha kukhala yokha ndikuyendetsedwa ndendende.

• kuipa: Komabe, monga tanenera, electrolytic oxidation ndi yowononga kwambiri mphamvu. Kufunika kopereka magetsi mosalekeza kumapangitsa kuti mtengo wa mankhwalawo ukhale wokwera kwambiri. Kuonjezera apo, ma electrode amatha kukhala ndi dzimbiri pakapita nthawi, zomwe zimafunika kukonzedwa pafupipafupi komanso kusinthidwa.

Chithandizo cha Zamoyo

1. Mfundo: Kuchiritsa kwachilengedwe kwa cyanide - wokhala ndi madzi oipa kumadalira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene titha kusokoneza cyanide ngati gwero la kaboni kapena nayitrogeni. Mabakiteriya ena ndi bowa amatha kuphwanya cyanide pogwiritsa ntchito ma enzymatic reaction. Mwachitsanzo, mabakiteriya ena owononga cyanide amatha kusintha cyanide kukhala ammonia ndikupanga masitepe angapo a enzymatic. Ammonia amatha kuwonjezeredwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono muzamankhwala.

2. ubwino: Chithandizo cha tizilombo nthawi zambiri chimakhala chogwirizana ndi chilengedwe chifukwa sichiphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri. Itha kukhala yotsika mtengo - yothandiza pochiza otsika - ndende ya cyanide - yokhala ndi madzi otayira kwa nthawi yayitali, makamaka ngati pali mgwirizano wabwino wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

3. kuipa: Komabe, chithandizo chachilengedwe chimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa madzi onyansa, kutentha, ndi pH. Kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa magawowa kungalepheretse kukula ndi ntchito ya cyanide - tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa mankhwala. Zimafunikanso nthawi yayitali yochizira poyerekeza ndi njira zina zamankhwala.

Cyanide Regeneration and Recovery Njira

1. Mfundo: Njirayi ndi yofanana ndi njira yobwezeretsa madzi otayika kwambiri koma ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pazochitika zina zochepa. Imayang'ana kwambiri pakukonzanso ndi kubwezeretsanso cyanide kuchokera m'madzi onyansa. Njira imodzi ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito ion - kusinthana utomoni. Ma cyanide ions m'madzi otayidwa amatha kulowetsedwa pamwamba pa utomoni. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera, cyanide imatha kuchotsedwa mu utomoni ndikuchira.

2. ubwino: Itha kuchepetsa kumwa kwa cyanide m'mafakitale pobwezeretsanso cyanide. Izi sizimangokhala ndi phindu pazachuma komanso zimachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kumakhudzana ndi kutaya kwa cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi oipa.

3. kuipa: The ion - kusinthana resins ayenera kusankhidwa mosamala ndi kusamalidwa. Njira yokonzanso ingafunike kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala owonjezera, ndipo pamakhala chiwopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kwa utomoni, zomwe zingachepetse mphamvu yakuchira kwa cyanide.

Kutsiliza

Cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi onyansa ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu cha chilengedwe komanso thanzi. Kumvetsetsa njira za kawopsedwe ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera zochizira ndikofunikira. Njira iliyonse yothandizira, kaya ndi madzi otayira apamwamba - kapena otsika, ali ndi ubwino ndi zovuta zake. Kusankha njira yochizira kumatengera zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga kuchuluka kwa cyanide koyambirira, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwamankhwala, kukwera mtengo, komanso kukhudza chilengedwe. M'tsogolomu, kafukufuku wochuluka ndi chitukuko chikufunika kuti apititse patsogolo njira zochiritsira zomwe zilipo kale ndikupanga njira zatsopano, zogwira mtima, komanso zotsika mtengo zopangira mankhwala a cyanide - okhala ndi madzi otayira kuti atsimikizire kuti malo ali oyera komanso otetezeka.