Persulfate Oxidation for Cyanide Waste Water Treatment: Phunziro Lokwanira

Introduction

Cyanide, mankhwala oopsa kwambiri, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana monga electroplating, migodi, ndi kumaliza zitsulo. Chifukwa chake, madzi ambiri otayira okhala ndi cyanide amapangidwa, zomwe zimaika pachiwopsezo chachikulu ku chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu. Njira zachikhalidwe zochizira madzi otayira a Cyanide , monga alkaline chlorination, zili ndi zovuta zingapo. Izi zikuphatikizapo kupanga zinthu zowononga, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri, komanso kuchotsa bwino zinthu zopangidwa ndi zitsulo ndi cyanide. Zotsatira zake, pakufunika kwambiri ukadaulo wochizira wothandiza komanso wosawononga chilengedwe.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, njira zamakono zopangira ma oxidation (AOPs) zakhala njira zabwino zochizira madzi otayidwa a cyanide. Pakati pa izi, njira zopangira ma oxidation a Persulfate yakopa chidwi chachikulu chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yochulukitsa ma oxidation, kugwiritsa ntchito pH yochuluka, komanso ntchito yosavuta. Nkhaniyi ya blog ikufuna kupereka chithunzithunzi chokwanira cha njira zopangira ma oxidation a persulfate pochiza madzi otayidwa a cyanide, kufotokoza momwe imagwirira ntchito, zinthu zomwe zimakhudza, komanso momwe imagwirira ntchito.

Njira ya Persulfate Oxidation

Persulfate, yomwe ilipo ngati peroxydisulfate (PDS) kapena peroxymonosulfate (PMS), imatha kutsegulidwa kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga kutentha, kuwala kwa UV, zitsulo zosinthika, kapena alkalinity, kuti apange ma radicals amphamvu kwambiri a sulfate. Ma sulphate radicals awa ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kotulutsa okosijeni, kuwapangitsa kuti azitha kuwononga mitundu yambiri yazinthu zowononga zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza cyanide.

Kachitidwe ka persulfate oxidation ya cyanide ndizovuta ndipo zimaphatikizapo masitepe angapo. Nthawi zambiri, ma radicals a sulphate amachita ndi ayoni a cyanide kupanga cyanate ngati chinthu chapakatikati. Cyanate imatha kuwonjezeredwa oxidized kapena hydrolyzed kuti ipange zinthu zopanda poizoni, monga nitrate, ammonium, ndi mpweya wa nayitrogeni. Zomwe zimachitika zimasiyanasiyana kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri monga pH, kutentha, ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zina. Mu acidic sing'anga, zomwe zimatsatira motsatana, pomwe mu sing'anga yoyambira, momwe zimachitikira zimasintha, ndipo ma hydroxyl radicals amathanso kutenga nawo gawo munjira ya okosijeni. Ma radicals a Hydroxyl amatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku zomwe ma sulphate radicals ndi madzi kapena kuyambitsa kwa persulfate ndi alkalinity, ndipo zomwe amachita ndi cyanide ndi njira yofunikira yochotsera cyanide.

Zinthu Zosonkhezera

1. Persulfate Concentration

Kuchuluka kwa persulfate ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimapangitsa kuti madzi a cyanide asagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino. Nthawi zambiri, kuonjezera mlingo wa persulfate kungapangitse mbadwo wa sulphate radicals, potero kulimbikitsa okosijeni wa cyanide. Komabe, kuchulukitsitsa kwa sulfate kungayambitse kudziletsa kwa ma sulfate radicals, kumachepetsa mphamvu ya okosijeni yonse. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa persulfate kumatha kukulitsa mtengo wamankhwala ndikuyambitsa zovuta zachilengedwe chifukwa chotsalira cha sulfate m'madzi oyeretsedwa. Chifukwa chake, kuyeza koyenera kwa sulfate kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa mwa kuyesa motengera mawonekedwe amadzi onyansa.

2. pH Mtengo

PH ya madzi otayidwa imakhudza kwambiri njira ya persulfate oxidation. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pH imatha kukhudza kuyambitsa kwa persulfate, mitundu ndi reactivity ya ma radicals opangidwa, ndi mawonekedwe a cyanide. M'malo okhala acidic, ma sulphate radicals ndiye mitundu yayikulu yothamanga ndipo amawonetsa kukhudzidwa kwambiri kwa cyanide. Pamene pH ikuwonjezeka, chiwerengero cha ma hydroxyl radicals opangidwa kuchokera ku machitidwe a sulphate radicals ndi madzi kapena kuchokera ku persulfate activation ndi alkalinity amawuka. M'mikhalidwe yamchere, ma hydroxyl radicals atha kukhala ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakutulutsa kwa cyanide. Komabe, kukwera kwambiri kapena kutsika kwa pH kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pamachitidwe. Mwachitsanzo, pa pH yotsika kwambiri, kukhazikika kwa persulfate kungakhudzidwe, pamene pH yapamwamba kwambiri, kusungunuka kwa ayoni achitsulo m'madzi onyansa kungasinthe, zomwe zingakhudze kuyambitsa kwa persulfate ndi ndondomeko ya okosijeni.

3. Kutentha

Kutentha kumatha kufulumizitsa kuyambitsa kwa persulfate komanso kuchuluka kwa zomwe zimachitika pakati pa ma radicals ndi cyanide. Kutentha kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti pakhale m'badwo wofulumira wa ma sulfate radicals komanso cyanide oxidation yabwino kwambiri. Komabe, kuwonjezera kutentha kumafuna zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera, zomwe zimakweza mtengo wa mankhwala. Kuonjezera apo, ngati kutentha kuli kwakukulu, kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa persulfate ndi zina zosafunika mbali zina. Choncho, posankha kutentha koyenera, kuyenera kuchitidwa bwino pakati pa chithandizo chamankhwala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.

4. Kukhalapo kwa Zitsulo zachitsulo

Ma ion achitsulo omwe amapezeka m'madzi otayira m'mafakitale, monga Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, ndi Ni²⁺, amatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana panjira yotulutsa okosijeni ya persulfate. Ma ion achitsulo ena, monga Cu²⁺, amatha kukhala ngati chothandizira kuyambitsa persulfate, kupanga ma radicals ochulukirapo a sulfate ndikuthandizira kuchotsa cyanide. Kumbali inayi, ma ion achitsulo amatha kupanga zovuta ndi cyanide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zokhazikika komanso zovuta kuziyika. Kuphatikiza apo, ayoni achitsulo amathanso kutenga nawo gawo pazochita zam'mbali ndi persulfate kapena ma radicals, zomwe zimakhudza momwe zimachitikira komanso magwiridwe antchito. Kumvetsetsa udindo wa ayoni zitsulo mu persulfate makutidwe ndi okosijeni dongosolo n'kofunika kuti optimizing njira mankhwala cyanide - munali madzi oipa.

5. Nthawi Yochitapo kanthu

Nthawi yokwanira yochitapo kanthu ndiyofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti cyanide ikukwanira bwino. Pamene zomwe zikuchitika, ndende ya cyanide imachepa pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, patapita nthawi, zimene mlingo akhoza m'mbuyo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa reactants kapena kudzikundikira anachita mankhwala. Nthawi yoyenera kuchita imadalira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza ndende yoyambira ya cyanide, momwe zimachitikira (monga ndende ya persulfate, pH, ndi kutentha), komanso mtundu wamadzi otayira. Kuwonjezeka kwa nthawi zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse sizimapangitsa kuti cyanide ichuluke molingana ndi momwe angachotsedwera komanso kungayambitsenso kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso mtengo wamankhwala.

Zofunsira m'mafakitole osiyanasiyana

1. Makampani opanga ma Electroplating

Mu njira ya electroplating, cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri kuonetsetsa kuti zitsulo zili bwino. Madzi otayira opangidwa kuchokera ku electroplating amakhala ndi ma cyanide ambiri ndi zitsulo - cyanide complexes. Persulfate oxidation yawonetsa kuthekera kwakukulu pochiza madzi otayidwa a electroplating cyanide. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pakakhala kuchuluka koyenera kwa Cu²⁺ (monga activator) ndi peroxydisulfate, mpaka 99% ya cyanide imatha kuchotsedwa mkati mwa mphindi 20. Njirayi imatha kuthyola zitsulo - ma cyanide complexes ndikusintha cyanide kukhala zinthu zochepa zapoizoni, kukwaniritsa mfundo zoyendetsera bwino zamadzi otayira a electroplating.

2. Makampani Ogulitsa Migodi

Makampani a migodi, makamaka migodi ya golidi, amapanga cyanide yambiri - yomwe imakhala ndi madzi oipa ndi zotsalira. Cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa golide kupanga golide wosungunuka - cyanide complexes. Persulfate - njira zotsogola za okosijeni zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi oyipa komanso zotsalira. Mwachitsanzo, pochiza zotsalira za golide za cyanide, akupanga - activated persulfate oxidation yaphunziridwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito 2.0 wt.% potaziyamu persulfate pa pH 10.0 kwa mphindi 60, mphamvu yochotsa cyanide imatha kufika 53.47%. Ndi kutentha kwapakati pa 60 ° C, mphamvuyo imawonjezeka kufika 62.18%, ndipo pansi pa ultrasonic activation ndi 100% mphamvu, kuchotsa kwachangu kumatha kufika pamtunda wa 74.76%. Pambuyo akupanga - adamulowetsa persulfate - patsogolo makutidwe ndi okosijeni mankhwala, ndi sianidi zili mu poizoni leaching njira ya zotsalira akhoza kukumana ndi muyezo dziko, kusonyeza kuthekera kwa njira imeneyi mu makampani migodi.

3. Metal Finishing Industry

M'makampani omaliza zitsulo, cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana zamankhwala. Cyanide yobwera - yomwe ili ndi madzi onyansa iyenera kusamitsidwa bwino kuti ipewe kuwononga chilengedwe. Persulfate oxidation imatha kuphatikizidwa m'machitidwe amadzi otayira azitsulo zomalizitsa zitsulo. Mwa kukhathamiritsa momwe zinthu zimachitikira, monga kusintha ndende ya persulfate, pH, ndi nthawi yochitira, kuchotsa kwa cyanide kwapamwamba kwambiri kumatha kuchitika. Izi sizimangothandiza makampani omaliza zitsulo kuti azitsatira malamulo a chilengedwe komanso amachepetsa zoopsa zomwe zingagwirizane ndi kutuluka kwa cyanide.

Mlanduwu Studies

Mlandu 1: Kuchiza Madzi Owonongeka A Electroplating

Kafukufuku adachitika pamadzi otayira enieni a electroplating okhala ndi cyanide, kuwachitira ndi njira ya persulfate oxidation. Pamene kuchuluka kwapadera kwa persulfate kunawonjezeredwa, kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'madzi otayidwa kukhoza kuchotsedwa kwathunthu mkati mwa mphindi 20. Zotsatira za kuyesa kangapo zikuwonetsa kuti ma hydroxyl radicals ndi sulfate radicals anali ndi udindo wochotsa cyanide, ndipo zopereka zawo zinali zofanana. Cyanate ndi nitrite adadziwika kuti ndizofunika kwambiri pazogulitsa. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa mphamvu ya persulfate oxidation pochiza madzi onyansa a padziko lapansi a electroplating cyanide.

Mlandu 2: Chithandizo cha Zotsalira za Gold Cyanide

Pochita migodi ya golide, zotsalira za golide za cyanide zidathandizidwa ndi persulfate - njira yotsogola ya okosijeni. Zotsalirazo zinali ndi milingo yambiri ya cyanide yomwe imayenera kuchepetsedwa kuti ikwaniritse miyezo yotaya. Kudzera zatsopano, anapeza kuti pogwiritsa ntchito potaziyamu persulfate ndi optimizing anachita zinthu, kuphatikizapo pH, kutentha, ndi kutsegula njira (monga akupanga kutsegula), ndi cyanide zili mu poizoni leaching njira ya zotsalira akhoza kwambiri utachepa. Pambuyo akupanga - adamulowetsa persulfate - patsogolo makutidwe ndi okosijeni mankhwala, ndi sianidi zili mu poizoni leaching njira anakumana ndi dziko muyezo wa China. Mlanduwu ukuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa oxidation ya persulfate pochiza zotsalira za golide wa cyanide, zomwe zimapereka yankho lothandiza pakutaya zinyalala zamigodi.

Zovuta ndi Zowona Zamtsogolo

1. Zovuta

• Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa persulfate: Ngakhale kuti persulfate oxidation ikuwonetsa kuthekera kwakukulu pochiza madzi otayira a cyanide, mtengo wa persulfate ndi mphamvu zomwe zimafunika kuti ziyambe kugwira ntchito (monga kutentha kapena kuyambitsa kwa ultrasound) zitha kukhala zokwera kwambiri. Kupanga njira zotsika mtengo zopangira ndikuyambitsa persulfate ndikofunikira kuti ukadaulo uwu ugwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri.

• Kuvuta kwa Madzi Otayidwa : Madzi otayidwa a mafakitale omwe ali ndi cyanide nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ma ayoni achitsulo osiyanasiyana, mankhwala achilengedwe, ndi mchere. Zigawozi zimatha kuyanjana ndi persulfate ndi ma radicals, zomwe zimakhudza momwe zimagwirira ntchito komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Kumvetsetsa ndikuwongolera kuyanjana kovuta kumeneku ndi vuto pakugwiritsa ntchito.

• Zotsalira za Persulfate ndi Zotsalira : Zotsalira za persulfate m'madzi okonzedwa zingayambitse mavuto azachilengedwe, ndipo zina mwazotsalira, monga nitrite, zingafunikenso kukonzedwanso kuti zikwaniritse miyezo yokhwima kwambiri yazachilengedwe. Kupanga njira zochotsera bwino zotsalira za persulfate ndikulamulira kupangika kwa zinthu zovulaza ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pa kafukufuku wowonjezera.

2. Malingaliro Amtsogolo

• Njira Zatsopano Zogwiritsira Ntchito : Kafukufuku akupitilizabe kupanga njira zatsopano komanso zogwira mtima zogwiritsira ntchito persulfate. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito ma catalyst atsopano monga nanomaterials kapena metal - organic frameworks (MOFs) kuti agwiritse ntchito persulfate kungapereke kuchuluka kwa zochita komanso kusankha. Kuphatikiza apo, kufufuza njira zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito, monga kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha ndi catalyst nthawi imodzi, kungathandize kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a persulfate oxidation process.

• Kuphatikiza ndi Ukadaulo Wina Wochiza : Kuphatikiza persulfate oxidation ndi ukadaulo wina wochiza, monga mankhwala achilengedwe, kusefa kwa nembanemba, kapena kulowetsedwa kwa madzi, kungapangitse zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pakuchiza. Mwachitsanzo, kuchiza ndi persulfate oxidation musanagwiritse ntchito kuti muwononge mankhwala ovuta a cyanide kungapangitse madzi otayira kukhala oyenera kwambiri pakuchiza pambuyo pake.

• Kuyang'anira ndi Kukonza Njira Zamkati : Kupanga njira zowunikira mkati mwa malo kuti pakhale njira yothira mafuta m'thupi, monga kuzindikira nthawi yeniyeni kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowononga za cyanide, kungathandize kumvetsetsa bwino momwe zinthu zikuyendera komanso kukonza njira yochizira. Izi zingapangitse kuti pakhale njira zochizira madzi otayira a cyanide zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino komanso zodalirika.

Pomaliza, njira ya persulfate oxidation imasonyeza lonjezo lalikulu pochiza cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi oipa. Pofufuza mosalekeza ndi chitukuko kuti athetse mavuto omwe alipo, teknolojiyi imatha kukhala njira yodziwika bwino yothetsera madzi a cyanide m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimathandizira kuteteza chilengedwe ndi chitukuko chokhazikika.