Isodium Cyanide: Ikhemikhali eyimfuneko kuShishino

intshayelelo

I-sodium cyanide (NaCN) yikhompawundi ebalulekileyo ye-inorganic kummandla omkhulu wemathiriyeli ekrwada yeekhemikhali. Ngeempawu zayo ezizodwa zeekhemikhali, idlala indima engenakuphinda ithathelwe indawo kumacandelo amaninzi amashishini. Eli nqaku lingena kwiipropati, izicelo, imveliso, kunye nemiba yokhuseleko Isodium cyanide, ejolise ekunikeni ukuqonda okubanzi kwale khemikhali ibalulekileyo.

Iipropati zeSodium Cyanide

Properties Properties

Isodium cyanide ibonakala njengeziqina ezimhlophe zekristale, amagaqa, okanye umgubo. I-hygroscopic kwaye inevumba le-almondi elikrakrayo. Inyibilika kakhulu emanzini, malunga ne-0.4 kg yesiqina Isodium cyanide ikwazi ukunyibilika kwi-1 kg yamanzi ku-30 ​​°C. Ikwanayo nokunyibilika okuthile kwi-ethanol. I-compound inobunzima be-molecular of 49.007 g / mol, indawo yokunyibilika ye-564 ° C, kunye nendawo yokubilisa ye-1469 ° C, kunye noxinzelelo lomphunga we-0.1 kPa kwi-800 ° C.

Iimpawu zeMichiza

I-sodium cyanide sisiseko esomeleleyo - ityuwa ebuthakathaka yeasidi. Isisombululo saso samanzi sinokucwebezela ukwenza sodium cyanide iihydrates eziqulethe imolekyuli enye okanye ezimbini zamanzi ezingaphantsi kwe-1.34 °C. Xa iqondo lobushushu lidlula i-34.7 °C, lilahlekelwa ngamanzi ecrystallization kwaye libe yityuwa engenamanzi. Isabela ngokukhawuleza kunye neeasidi, kunye neeasidi ezibuthathaka kakhulu. Iintsimbi ezifana nentsimbi, i-zinc, i-nickel, ubhedu, i-cobalt, isilivere, kunye ne-cadmium inokunyibilika kwizisombululo ze-sodium cyanide, okukhokelela ekubunjweni okuhambelanayo. iicyanides. Phambi kweoksijini, inokunyibilikisa iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo njengegolide nesilivere ukwenza iityuwa ezintsonkothileyo. Ayihambelani ne-asidi kwaye inokusabela nge-carbon dioxide. Kumoya ofumileyo okanye emanzini, inokubola. Xa ishushu xa kukho ioksijini, ivelisa iigesi ezinetyhefu ezifana nehydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, neenitrogen oxides. Isabela ngobundlobongela kunye ne-nitrate, i-nitrites, kunye neklorati, ibeka umngcipheko wokudubula.

Ukusetyenziswa kweSodium Cyanide

Icandelo lezemigodi

Kwi Umzi mveliso, ngakumbi ekukhutshweni kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo ezifana negolide kunye nesilivere, i-sodium cyanide ibaluleke kakhulu. Inkqubo ye-cyanidation, ebandakanya ukusebenzisa izisombululo ze-sodium cyanide ukunyibilikisa igolide kunye nesilivere kwi-ores, yamkelwa ngokubanzi ngenxa yokulula kwayo kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Ngekhilogram nganye yegolide eveliswayo, malunga neetoni ezine ukuya kwezintlanu zesodium cyanide zinokufuneka. Imfuno yesodium cyanide kule ndawo inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokuguquguquka kwexabiso lesinyithi esixabisekileyo kwimarike yehlabathi. Njengoko uqoqosho lwehlabathi lubuyela kwakhona kwaye amaxabiso esinyithi axabisekileyo enyuka, ukunyuka kwemisebenzi yemigodi kukhokelela kwimfuno ephezulu yesodium cyanide.

Imichiza yokuHlanganisa

1.Ukwenziwa kweZiveliso zoShishino

I-sodium cyanide isebenza njengemathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo kwi-pharmaceutical synthesis. Isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweziyobisi eziqhelekileyo kunye nezongezo zokutya ezifana ne-penicillin, i-vitamin B6. i-folic acid, i-guanine kunye ne-caffeine. Kwishishini lamayeza, indima yalo ekudaleni iikhemikhali ezithile ngaphakathi kweemolekyuli zamachiza ayimfuneko, inegalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso kunye nokuveliswa kwamayeza anyanga izifo ezahlukeneyo.

2.Ukuveliswa kweZitshabalalisi

Kwishishini le-pesticide, i-sodium cyanide isetyenziselwa ukwenza izibulali-zinambuzane eziqhelekileyo ezifana ne-glyphosate, fenvalerate, paraquat, atrazine, kunye ne-isoprothiolane. Ezi zibulali-zinambuzane zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni izityalo kwizitshabalalisi nakukhula, ziqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya. Iindlela zokwenziwa ezibandakanya i-sodium cyanide zenza ukuba kubekho iikhompawundi ze-pesticide ezisebenzayo ezineempawu ezithile zeekhemikhali.

3.I-Synthesis yezinye iiCompounds zeMichiza

Yibhloko yokwakha esisiseko kwimveliso yoluhlu olubanzi lwe-inorganic kunye ne-organic IiCyanides. Ukusebenzisa ngokuthe ngqo i-sodium cyanide, i-cyanides ebalulekileyo ye-inorganic efana ne-sodium ferrocyanide, i-potassium ferrocyanide, i-potassium cyanide, i-zinc cyanide, i-barium cyanide, i-cuprous cyanide, i-thiocyanate ye-sodium, kunye ne-potassium thiocyanate inokuveliswa. Kwindawo ye-organic cyanides, iikhompawundi ezifana ne-cyanoacetic acid, i-malononitrile, i-methionine, i-benzyl cyanide, kunye ne-cyanuric chloride zenziwe. Ukongezelela, ngokuvelisa i-hydrogen cyanide esuka kwi-sodium cyanide, iimveliso ezifana ne-methyl methacrylate, i-butyl methacrylate, i-methacrylic acid, i-azobisisobutyronitrile, i-azobisisoheptanenitrile, i-nitrilotriacetic acid, kunye ne-glycolonitrile inokuphinda yenziwe. Ezi khompawundi zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yezinto ezenziweyo, eziquka iiplastiki, irabha, kunye nemicu.

Ishishini le-Electroplating

Kwi-electroplating, i-sodium cyanide licandelo eliphambili kwiibhafu ze-electroplating kwiintsimbi ezifana nobhedu, isilivere, i-cadmium, kunye ne-zinc. Inokunciphisa i-anodic polarization effect, iqinisekisa ukuchithwa okuqhelekileyo kwe-anode. Kwangaxeshanye, inokuphucula i-cathodic polarization effect, inceda ukufumana i-coating yentsimbi efanayo kumphezulu we-workpiece. Oku akuphuculi kuphela ukuxhathisa ukubola kwamalungu esinyithi kodwa kwandisa inkangeleko yawo, okwenza iimveliso ze-electroplated zithandeke ngakumbi kwaye zomelele.

Ukuveliswa kweSodium Cyanide

Ukuveliswa kwe-sodium cyanide yinkqubo yeekhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi. Enye indlela eqhelekileyo yinkqubo yeAndrussow, ebandakanya ukusabela kwemethane, ammonia, kunye neoksijini phezu kweplatinam - irhodium catalyst kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Enye indlela yinkqubo yeCasner, esebenzisa i-reaction ye-sodium amide kunye nekhabhoni kwiziko lombane. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yetyhefu ephezulu kunye neengozi ezinokuthi zenzeke kwindalo ye-sodium cyanide, ukuveliswa kwayo kulawulwa ngokungqongqo ngamasebe karhulumente afanelekileyo kwihlabathi jikelele. Abavelisi kufuneka bahlangabezane nemigangatho engqongqo yokhuseleko kunye nemigangatho yokusingqongileyo ukuze baqinisekise ukuveliswa okukhuselekileyo nokuzinzileyo kwale khemikhali.

Ukhuseleko kunye nokuphathwa kweSodium Cyanide

Utyhefu

Isodium cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu. Nokuba isixa esincinci, esincinci njenge-100 - 200 mg, sinokubulala xa sityiswe, siphefumle, okanye sifakwe eluswini. Nje ukuba ingene emzimbeni womntu, ikhupha iiyoni ze-cyanide (CN-), ezinobudlelwane obuqinileyo bee-iron kwiiseli. Oku kuphazamisa inkqubo ye-oxidation eqhelekileyo kwiiseli, ekhokelela kwi-cell asphyxiation kunye ne-tissue hypoxia, ekugqibeleni ibangele ukufa. Ukubonakaliswa okubukhali kunokubangela iimpawu ezinjengobuthathaka, isiyezi, intloko ebuhlungu, isicaphucaphu, ukuqina kwesifuba, ukuphefumla nzima, ukubetha kwentliziyo, nokulahlekelwa zingqondo.

Amanyathelo okhuseleko

1.Ukugcina

Isodium cyanide kufuneka igcinwe kwindawo epholileyo, eyomileyo, nengena umoya kakuhle, kude nemithombo yobushushu, yokutshisa, kunye neeasidi. Kufuneka igcinwe kwizikhongozeli ezivalwe ngokuqinileyo ezenziwe ngemathiriyeli efanelekileyo ukuthintela ukuvuza kunye nokusabela kokusingqongileyo. Iindawo zokugcina kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngokuvuza - iinkqubo zokuqokelela kunye neempawu ezilumkisayo ukuthintela ukuba sesichengeni ngengozi.

2.Ezothutho

Ngexesha lokuthutha, i-sodium cyanide kufuneka ihambelane nemimiselo engqongqo. Izithuthi ezikhethekileyo zothutho ezineempawu zokhuseleko ezifanelekileyo ziyafuneka. Inkqubo yothutho kufuneka ibekwe esweni ngononophelo ukuthintela nakuphi na ukuchitheka okunokwenzeka okanye iingozi. Izicwangciso zokusabela okungxamisekileyo kunye nezixhobo kufuneka zibekho kwimeko engalindelekanga.

3.Ukuphatha kwiiSetingi zeShishini

Abasebenzi abaphethe i-sodium cyanide kwizityalo zoshishino kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho olucokisekileyo lokhuseleko. Bafanele banxibe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela, kuquka izixhobo zokuphefumla, iimpahla zokuzikhusela, iiglavu, iiglavu. Ukusebenza kwiplanti kufuneka kulandele iinkqubo ezingqongqo ezisemgangathweni zokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba sesichengeni. Kwimeko yokuchitheka okanye ukuvuza, amanyathelo okusabela ngokukhawuleza okungxamisekileyo kufuneka athathwe, njengokusebenzisa i-hydrogen peroxide ukwenza i-sodium cyanide ingasebenzi.

Impembelelo kokusiNgqongileyo

Ukuchithwa okungafanelekanga kwe-sodium cyanide okanye iimveliso zayo zenkunkuma kunokuba nemiphumo emibi yendalo. I-Cyanide - equlathe amanzi amdaka kunye neentsalela zenkunkuma zinokungcolisa umhlaba kunye nemithombo yamanzi, ibeke emngciphekweni ubomi bezityalo, izilwanyana kunye nezinto eziphila emanzini. Kwishishini lemigodi yegolide, umzekelo, izixa ezikhulu zecyanide - eziqulathe iintsalela zezimbiwa ziveliswa ngonyaka. Le misila, ukuba ayilawulwa kakuhle, inokubeka imingcipheko yexesha elide yokusingqongileyo. Ke ngoko, amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nobuchwephesha bokucocwa kwenkunkuma buyimfuneko ekunciphiseni impembelelo yokusingqongileyo ye-sodium cyanide - imisebenzi enxulumeneyo.

isiphelo

Isodium cyanide, nangona inetyhefu ephezulu, iyikhemikhali eyimfuneko kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Iimpawu zayo ezizodwa zeekhemikhali ziyenza ikwazi ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutsalweni kwesinyithi esixabisekileyo, Ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali, kunye ne-electroplating. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yengozi enokubakho kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo, imimiselo engqongqo yokhuseleko kunye neenkqubo zokuphatha ezifanelekileyo kufuneka zithotyelwe kuyo yonke imveliso yayo, ukuthutha, ukugcinwa kunye nokusetyenziswa. Njengoko iteknoloji iqhubela phambili, iinzame kufuneka zenziwe ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezingcono zokusingqongileyo kunye nezikhuselekileyo okanye iinkqubo eziphuculweyo zokunciphisa ukuthembela kunye neengozi ezinxulumene ne-sodium cyanide ngelixa uhlangabezana neemfuno zophuhliso lwamashishini.