Izingozi Nezinqubo Zokwelapha Ze-Cyanide - equkethe Amanzi Angcolile

Isingeniso

I-Cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile iyinkinga ebalulekile yemvelo ngenxa yemvelo yayo enobuthi obukhulu. Okuthathu okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi kunobuthi kakhulu ama-cyanides, okungukuthi I-sodium cyanide (NaCN), potassium i-cyanide (KCN), kanye ne-hydrocyanic acid (HCN), ibeka usongo olukhulu kukho kokubili impilo yomuntu nemvelo. I-common denominator phakathi kwalokhu Ama-cyanides amandla abo okuhlukanisa kalula nokukhulula i-cyanide ion (CN-).

Izingozi zeCyanide - eziqukethe Amanzi Angcolile

I-Toxicity Mechanism kubantu

I-toxicology ebulalayo yama-cyanides ilele eqinisweni lokuthi i-cyanide ion (CN-) inobudlelwane obuqinile be-iron ions. Uma isisemzimbeni womuntu, i-CN- ibopha kalula i-iron ions, okuholela ekwehleni kwe-oksijini - amandla okuthwala insimbi - equkethe izinto. Lokhu ekugcineni kubangela ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo kumaseli wesistimu yezinzwa emaphakathi. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abanobuthi bavame ukufa ngenxa yokukhubazeka okuphakathi kokuphefumula. Ubuthi bungenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, okubandakanya ukuthinta isikhumba, ukungenwa ngomlomo, ukuhogela, umjovo, nokuthintana nolwelwesi lwamafinyila. Ngisho nenani elincane lokuchayeka kwe-cyanide lingasongela ukuphila.

Impembelelo yemvelo

I-Cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile, uma engaphathwanga kahle futhi ekhishelwa emanzini, ingaba nomthelela omubi kakhulu empilweni yasemanzini. Izinto eziphila emanzini zizwela kakhulu ku-cyanide. Ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi, i-cyanide ingaphazamisa imisebenzi evamile yokuphila kwezinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, nezinye izinhlobo zasemanzini, okuholela ekukhuleni okuncishisiwe, izinkinga zokuzala, futhi ekugcineni nokufa. Lokhu, futhi, kungaphazamisa yonke imvelo yasemanzini, kuthinte amaketanga okudla kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Izinqubo Zokwelapha I-Cyanide - equkethe Amanzi Angcolile

I-Cyanide Ephezulu - Equkethe Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile: Ukutholwa Kwe-Cyanides

I-cyanide ephezulu - equkethe amanzi angcolile, indlela yokubuyisela ama-cyanides ivame ukusetshenziswa. Le ndlela ihlose ukukhipha futhi kusetshenziswe kabusha ama-cyanide abalulekile emanzini angcolile. Enye indlela evamile iwukukhipha i-solvent. Ekukhishweni kwe-solvent, i-solvent efanelekile ye-organic isetshenziselwa ukukhipha amakhompiyutha e-cyanide kusuka esigabeni samanzi angcolile anamanzi. Isigaba se-cyanide esigcwele i-organic singase siphinde sicutshungulwe ukuze kubuyiselwe ama-cyanide ahlanzekile. Le ndlela inenzuzo yokunciphisa nje kuphela umthelela wemvelo ngokukhipha i-cyanide emanzini angcolile kodwa futhi nokuthola umthombo wamakhemikhali ongase ube wusizo. Kodwa-ke, kudinga ukukhethwa ngokucophelela kwezincibilikisi kanye nokulawulwa okuqinile kwezimo zokusebenza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhishwa okuphezulu okusebenzayo nokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwe-solvent.

Iphansi - I-Cyanide Ye-Concentration - equkethe Ukuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile: Ukubhujiswa Kwe-Cyanide

Izindlela ze-Oxidation

1.I-Chemical Oxidation

• isimiso: Izindlela zokuxilisa amakhemikhali zisebenzisa ama-oxidizing agents anamandla ukuguqula ama-ion e-cyanide abe izinto ezinobuthi obuncane noma ezingenabo ubuthi. Isibonelo, ama-oxidants asekelwe ku-chlorine njenge-sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) angasabela nama-ion e-cyanide. Ukusabela kuqala kuguqula i-cyanide (CN-) ibe yi-cyanate (CNO-), kanti ukuxilisa okwengeziwe kungaphula i-cyanate ibe I-Carbon i-dioxide (CO2), i-nitrogen (N2), kanye neminye imikhiqizo engenangozi. Ukusabela okuphelele kungamelwa kanje:

• Esinyathelweni sokuqala: (CN^ -+OCl^ -\rightarrow CNO^ -+Cl^)

• Esinyathelweni sesibili: (2CNO^ -+3OCl^ -+H_2O\rightarrow 2CO_2 + N_2+3Cl^ -+2OH^ -)

• Izinzuzo: I-Chemical oxidation ilula ukuyisebenzisa futhi ingasebenza ngempumelelo ekwelapheni i-low-concentration cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile. Ingasetshenziswa ezikhungweni zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile ezikhona ngokulungiswa okuthile kunqubo yokwelapha.

• Okumbi: Ukusetshenziswa kwenani elikhulu lama-oxidizing agents kungabiza kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kungalawulwa kahle, ukusabela kungase kukhiqize - imikhiqizo engase ibe yingozi emvelweni. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-chlorine ngokweqile kungaholela ekwakhekeni kokukhishwa kwamagciwane ngemikhiqizo efana ne-trihalomethanes.

2.I-Electrolytic Oxidation

• isimiso: Ku-electrolytic oxidation, amandla kagesi adlula ku-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile kuseli le-electrolytic. I-anode yeseli isebenza njengendawo lapho kwenzeka khona i-oxidation. I-Cyanide ions ifakwe i-oxid endaweni ye-anode. Ukusabela okuvamile ku-anode kungabhalwa njengokuthi (2CN^ -+4OH^ -\rightarrow 2CNO^ -+2H_2O + 2e^ -), futhi ukukhuphuka kwe-oxidation ye-cyanate kungenzeka ukuze kwakheke i-carbon dioxide ne-nitrogen.

• Izinzuzo: Kuyindlela yokwelapha ehlanzekile uma kuqhathaniswa njengoba ingethuli ezinye izinto zamakhemikhali ngaphandle kwama-electrode. Ingenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ilawulwe ngokunembile.

• Okumbi: Nokho, njengoba kushiwo, i-electrolytic oxidation idla amandla kakhulu. Isidingo sokuhlinzekwa kukagesi okuqhubekayo senza izindleko zokwelashwa zibe phezulu. Ukwengeza, ama-electrode angase abe nokugqwala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okudinga ukulungiswa njalo nokushintshwa.

Ukwelashwa Kwebhayoloji

1. isimiso: Ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji kwe-cyanide - okuqukethe amanzi angcolile kuncike ezinambuzaneni ezingase zigaye i-cyanide njengomthombo wekhabhoni noma we-nitrogen. Amanye amabhaktheriya kanye nesikhunta sinamandla okuphula i-cyanide ngokusabela kwe-enzymatic. Isibonelo, amagciwane athile e-cyanide - ehlisa isithunzi angaguqula i-cyanide ibe i-ammonia futhi akheke ngochungechunge lwezinyathelo ze-enzymatic. I-ammonia ingabuye ifakwe i-nitrified ngamanye ama-microorganisms ohlelweni lokwelapha.

2. Izinzuzo: Ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji kuvame ukuhambisana nemvelo njengoba kungafaki ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali amaningi. Kungaba izindleko - ngempumelelo ukwelapha i-cyanide egxilile - equkethe amanzi angcolile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi ezimeni lapho kukhona i-microbial consortium efanelekile esunguliwe.

3. Okumbi: Nokho, ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji kuzwela kakhulu ezinguqukweni zokwakheka kwamanzi angcolile, izinga lokushisa, ne-pH. Ukushintsha okungazelelwe kule mingcele kungavimbela ukukhula nomsebenzi we-cyanide - ama-microorganisms ehlisa isithunzi, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa. Kudinga futhi isikhathi eside sokwelashwa uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zamakhemikhali.

I-Cyanide Regeneration kanye Indlela Yokubuyisela

1. isimiso: Le ndlela iyafana nendlela yokubuyisela amanzi angcolile agxilile kakhulu kodwa futhi ingasetshenziswa kwezinye izimo zokuhlushwa okuncane. Igxile ekukhiqizeni kabusha nasekusebenziseni kabusha i-cyanide emanzini angcolile. Enye indlela ukusebenzisa ion - exchange resins. Ama-ion e-cyanide emanzini angcolile angakhangiswa endaweni ye-resin. Khona-ke, ngokusebenzisa i-eluent efanelekile, i-cyanide ingakhishwa ku-resin futhi ibuyiselwe.

2. Izinzuzo: Inganciphisa ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwe-cyanide ezinqubweni zezimboni ngokugaya kabusha i-cyanide. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuba nezinzuzo zezomnotho kodwa futhi kunciphisa umthelela wemvelo ohambisana nokulahlwa kwe-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile.

3. Okumbi: I-ion - exchange resins idinga ukukhethwa ngokucophelela futhi igcinwe. Inqubo yokuvuselela ingase idinge ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali engeziwe, futhi kunengozi yokungcoliswa kwe-resin, okunganciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokubuyisela i-cyanide.

Isiphetho

I-Cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile iyingozi enkulu yemvelo kanye nempilo. Ukuqonda izindlela zobuthi kanye nokusebenzisa izinqubo zokwelashwa ezifanele kubalulekile. Indlela ngayinye yokwelapha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi eyamanzi angcolile aphezulu - noma aphansi, inesethi yayo yezinzuzo kanye nokubi. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokwelapha kuncike ezintweni ezehlukene njengokugxilwa kwe-cyanide yokuqala, ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa okudingekayo, izindleko - ukusebenza kahle, kanye nomthelela wendawo. Ngokuzayo, ucwaningo olwengeziwe nokuthuthukiswa kuyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinqubo zokwelashwa ezikhona futhi kuthuthukiswe izindlela ezintsha, ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi ezibizayo - eziphumelelayo zokwelapha i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolile ukuze kuqinisekiswe indawo ehlanzekile nephephile.