Ukwenziwa kusebenze kunye nefuthe leetyuwa zelothe kwinkqubo ye-cyanidation yegolide

intshayelelo

I-Gold cyanidation yinkqubo esetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lemigodi yokukhupha igolide kwintsimbi yayo. Ukongezwa kweekhemikhali ezithile kunokuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwale nkqubo. Phakathi kwezi zongezo, Iityuwa ezikhokelayo baye babonisa iziphumo ezintsonkothileyo, zombini ukwenza kusebenze kunye nokuvala, kwi Gold Cyanidation ukusabela. Ukuqonda ezi ziphumo kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono Ukutsalwa kwegolide iinkqubo, ukunciphisa iindleko, kunye nokunciphisa iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo.

INkqubo yeGold Cyanidation Basics

Igolide cyanidation, eyaziwa ngokuba yinkqubo MacArthur-Forrest, kubandakanya ukusabela kwegolide nge i-cyanide ion phambi kweoksijini. Le mpendulo yeekhemikhali yenza ukuba igolide inyibilike kwi-ore matrix kwisisombululo, ivumela ukubuyiswa kwayo okulandelayo. Nangona kunjalo, ubukho bokungcola okwahlukeneyo kwi-ore kunye neemeko zokusabela kunokuchaphazela ukuba igolide inyibilika ngokukhawuleza kangakanani na.

Iziphumo zokuSebenza kweeTyuwa zeLothe

Indlela yokuSebenza

Indima ye-Catalytic kwi-Electrochemical Reactions

Iityuwa zelothe zinokusebenza njenge-catalysts kwinkqubo yegolide ye-cyanidation. Kummandla ophantsi ogqithisileyo (- 0.35 V vs. Ag / AgCl), ukongeza ityuwa ekhokelayo kubonakaliswe ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yegolide yokucoca kwizisombululo ze-cyanide. Iimfuniselo ze-Cyclic voltammetry (CV) zibonisa ukuba ilothe ithatha inxaxheba kwiimpendulo ze-electrochemical ezenzeka kumphezulu wegolide. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ze-cyanidation, igolide yenza ii-alloys ezinelothe. Ezi ngxubevange zenza iiseli ze-electrochemical ezincinci kumphezulu wegolide, apho i-oxidation kunye nokunciphisa ukuphendula kwenzeka ngaxeshanye. Ukusabela kwe-oxidation kwi-interface yegolide - i-alloy ikhuthaza ukuchithwa kwegolide, ngelixa ukusabela kokunciphisa kubandakanya i-oksijini okanye ezinye izinto ze-oxidizing kwisisombululo. Esi senzo se-electrochemical sikhawulezisa kakhulu izinga lokuchithwa kwegolide.

Ukuthintelwa kweempendulo zokungcola

Kwintsimbi ekrwada enobhedu nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, iityuwa zelothe zidlala indima eluncedo. Iiminerali zobhedu kwintsimbi ekrwada zinokutya icyanide kunye neoksijini, zikhuphisane negolide-cyanidation reaction. Iityuwa zelothe zisebenzisana neeyoni zobhedu okanye iiminerali ezithwele ubhedu, zenza iikhompawundi ezinganyibilikiyo ezithintela ukunyibilika kweeminerali zobhedu. Oku kunciphisa ubungakanani be-cyanide esetyenziswa lubhedu, ishiya ngaphezulu i-cyanide ifumaneka kwi-gold-cyanidation reaction kwaye ngoko konyusa izinga legolide lokuvuza. Kwigolide ephezulu yobhedu-ethwele i-ores, ukongeza iityuwa ezikhokelayo kuye kwabonwa ukunciphisa ubuninzi bobhedu olunyityilisiweyo kwisisombululo secyanide, ukugcina umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wokunyibilika kwegolide.

Ubungqina boMfuniselo boKusebenza

Zombini izifundo zaselabhorathri kunye nezoshishino ziqinisekisile Isiphumo sokuvulas yeetyuwa zelothe. Kolunye uphononongo malunga negolide-intsimbi ekrwada ene-0.25% ye-galena, ukongeza ityuwa yelothe kuliphucule kakhulu izinga legolide lokuvuza. Iinkqubo zamashishini nazo ziyazixhasa ezi ziphumo. Kweminye imigodi yegolide, xa kusetyenzwa iintlobo ezithile zeore, ukongeza isixa esifanelekileyo seetyuwa zelothe kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwetyuwa. Isodium cyanide ukusuka ngaphaya kwe-12 kg/t ukuya kutsho ngaphantsi kwe-5 kg/t kwaye inyuse izinga lokufunyanwa kwegolide ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-98%.

Iziphumo zokuvala iityuwa zelothe

Iimeko zokuValwa

Ubukho beSilicate kunye neNkokeli ethile-iZimbiwa

Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezithile, ngakumbi xa kukho i-silicate kunye ne-lead ethile-ethwele iiminerali, ukongeza ilothe kunokunciphisa i-oxidation yegolide. Kwikhono le-0.35 V (vs. Ag / AgCl), izinga apho igolide inyibilika liyancipha. Esona sizathu sintsokothileyo, kodwa sinokubandakanya ukubunjwa kweefilimu ezingaphezulu okanye ukusebenzisana kwezinto ezilothe kumphezulu wegolide, ovimba i-ion cyanide kunye neoksijini ekufikeleleni kwigolide. Umzekelo, ezinye iiminerali ezithwele ilothe zisabela kunye nesisombululo secyanide ukuze zenze iikhompawundi ezigquma umphezulu wegolide, zithintele inkqubela phambili eqhelekileyo yokusabela kwecyanidation.

Ephakamileyo - I-Sulfur Ores

Kwi-high-sulfur ores, ukongeza ilothe kusenokungabi luncedo kwaye kunokukhokelela ekubeni ungasebenzi. Xa umxholo wesulfure kwi-ore uphezulu, iiminerali zesulfide zixutywa kwi-elemental sulphur ngexesha lenkqubo ye-cyanidation. Le sulfur esisiseko yenza umaleko kumphezulu wegolide owuthintelayo ukuba ungasabeli nge-cyanide - isisombululo seoksijini. Ilothe inokukhuthaza ukukhutshwa kweeminerali zesulfide kwisulfure, ithintele ngakumbi ukusabela kwegolide kwicyanidation kwaye ibangele ukwehla okubonakalayo kwisantya sokunyibilika kwegolide.

Ubungqina boHlalutya lokuValwa

Uhlalutyo lwe-X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) lunika ubungqina bemiphumo yokucima. Kwiisampulu ezivela kwiinkqubo eziphezulu zesulfure ore cyanidation kunye nokongezwa kwelothe, i-XPS spectra ibonisa ubukho besulfure - equlethe izinto ezikumphezulu wegolide, ebonisa ukubunjwa kwe-passivating sulfur layer. Iimvavanyo ze-Electrochemical nazo ziqinisekisa ukuba izinga le-oxidation yegolide liyancipha phambi kobukho be-silicate kunye ne-lead-bearing minerals.

Izinto eziphembelela ibhalansi phakathi kokuVuselelwa kunye nokuValwa

Ukuxinana kweetyuwa zelothe

Ubungakanani beetyuwa zelothe ezongeziweyo kwinkqubo yecyanidation bubalulekile. Kwiindawo ezisezantsi, iityuwa zelothe zihlala zinefuthe elisebenzayo, ezikhuthaza ukunyibilika kwegolide. Kodwa ukuba ugxininiso luphezulu kakhulu, lunokukhokelela ekubunjweni kweemveliso eziphendulela ngokugqithiseleyo ezibangela ukungasebenzi. Umzekelo, uxinaniso oluphezulu kakhulu lwee-ion zelothe lunokubangela ukuna kwee-lead-cyanide complexes ezigquma umphezulu wegolide kwaye zinqande ukusabela kwe-cyanidation.

Ukuqulunqwa kwentsimbi

Ukubunjwa kwe-ore, kubandakanywa iintlobo kunye nezixa zamaminerali e-sulfide, i-silicates, kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, zinquma ukuba iityuwa ezikhokelayo zisebenza njenge-activators okanye i-deactivators. Iintsimbi ezikrwada ezinomthamo ophezulu weeminerali ezithile zesulfide, njengepyrite kwi-high-sulfur ores, kunokwenzeka ukuba zive zingasebenzi xa ilothe yongezwa. Ngokuchasene noko, ii-ores ezinexabiso elibalulekileyo leeminerali zobhedu zinokuzuza kwisiphumo sokusebenza kweetyuwa zelothe.

Iimeko zokusabela

Iimeko zokusabela ezifana nobushushu, i-pH, kunye nokuxinana kweoksijini kunye ne-cyanide kwisisombululo nazo zinefuthe ekusebenzeni kunye neziphumo zokuvalwa kweetyuwa zelothe. Ubushushu obuphezulu bunokukhawulezisa zombini iziphumo eziluncedo neziyingozi ezinxulumene nelothe. I-pH yesisombululo ichaphazela indlela i-lothe kunye nezinye i-ion zetsimbi ezikhoyo ngayo, ezichaphazela ukusebenzisana kwazo negolide kunye nezinye iiminerali. Uxinzelelo olwaneleyo lweoksijini luyimfuneko ukuze igolide - i-cyanidation reaction iqhubeke ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaye iityuwa ezikhokelayo zinokusebenzisana neoksijini ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko, nokuba ziphucula okanye zithintele ukusabela.

isiphelo

Iityuwa ezikhokelayo zineempembelelo zokuvula kunye nokucima kwinkqubo yegolide ye-cyanidation. Iziphumo zokuvula, ezinje nge-catalyzing reaction electrochemical kunye nokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kokungcola, kunokuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kokutsalwa kwegolide. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ezifana nobukho be-silicate, iiminerali ezithwele ilothe ethile, okanye i-high-sulfur ores, iityuwa ezikhokelayo zinokubangela ukungasebenzi ngokucothisa i-oxidation yegolide okanye ukwenza iileya zokuthintela kumphezulu wegolide. Ukuqonda izinto ezichaphazela ezi ziphumo, kubandakanywa ukugxilwa kwetyuwa ekhokelayo, ukubunjwa kwe-ore, kunye neemeko zokusabela, kubalulekile ekusebenziseni iityuwa ezikhokelayo ngempumelelo kwi-cyanidation yegolide. Ngokulawula ngononophelo ezi zinto, ishishini lezemigodi linokwandisa ukutsalwa kwegolide, licuthe ukusetyenziswa kwe-reagent, ukwandisa inzuzo, kunye nokunciphisa iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo. Uphando lwexesha elizayo lunokugxila ekudaleni iimodeli ezichanekileyo ngakumbi ukuqikelela isimilo setyuwa ekhokelayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ze-ore-processing kunye nokufumana iindlela ezintsha zokuchasana neziphumo zokuvalwa.