Usongelo lweSodium Cyanide kwiNdawo kunye neendlela zoKhuselo

intshayelelo

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN) yikhemikhali enetyhefu kakhulu esetyenziswa kakhulu kumacandelo emizi-mveliso amaninzi, kuquka imigodi yegolide nesilivere, i-electroplating, kunye ne-organic synthesis. Iimpawu zayo zeekhemikhali ezizodwa zenza ukuba ibe yinto eyimfuneko kwiinkqubo ezithile zoshishino. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphathwa ngokungafanelekanga, ukugcinwa, okanye ukulahlwa kwe Isodium cyanide inokukhupha uthotho lweziphumo ezibi kokusingqongileyo, ibeke izoyikiso ezibalulekileyo kumgangatho womhlaba, imithombo yamanzi kunye nomgangatho womoya. Ukuqonda ezi zoyikiso kunye nokuphumeza iindlela zokukhusela ezisebenzayo kubaluleke kakhulu kulondolozo lwendalo kunye nokuphila komntu.

Iipropati kunye neMithombo yeSodium Cyanide

Isodium cyanide yinto eqinileyo emhlophe, eyikristale ebonisa ukunyibilika okuphezulu emanzini. Inophawu lwevumba le-almond elikrakra, nangona ingenguye wonke umntu onokulibona eli vumba. Kwishishini, isetyenziswa kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, kwishishini lemigodi yegolide nesilivere, inkqubo ye-cyanidation iqasha Isodium cyanide ukunyibilikisa iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo kwi-ore. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukubunjwa kwesinyithi esinyibilikayo - i-cyanide complexes. Imizi-mveliso ye-Electroplating iyisebenzisa ukufaka umaleko obhityileyo wesinyithi kwii-substrates ezahlukeneyo, kwaye isebenza njengeyona nto iphambili ekrwada ekudityanisweni kweekhompawundi ezininzi ze-organic kwishishini lemichiza. Ngelishwa, ukuchitheka ngengozi ngexesha lokuthuthwa okanye ukuveliswa, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma ngokungafanelekanga, kunye nokuvuza kwiindawo zokugcina ziyimithombo eqhelekileyo apho sodium cyanide inokukhutshelwa kokusingqongileyo.

Iingozi kwiNdawo

Impembelelo kuMhlaba

1.Impembelelo kwiMicroorganisms yoMhlaba

Iimicroorganisms zomhlaba "ziinjineli" ze-ecosystem yomhlaba, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ukuchuma komhlaba, ukuququzelela ukujikeleza kwezondlo, kunye nokuqinisekisa impilo yomhlaba wonke. Isodium cyanide, naxa isezantsi kakhulu emhlabeni, inokusebenza njengesithinteli esinamandla se microorganisms zomhlaba. Inokuphazamisa imisebenzi eqhelekileyo ye-metabolic yeebhaktheriya, i-fungi, kunye nezinye ii-microbes eziluncedo. Umzekelo, iibhaktheriya ezithile ezilungisa initrogen, ezinoxanduva lokuguqula initrogen yasemoyeni ibe yimo efikelelekayo kwizityalo, inokuba nesakhono sazo sokulungisa initrogen - sonakaliswe kakhulu yicyanide. Oku kuphazamiseka kumjikelo wenitrogen kunokukhokelela ngokuthe ngcembe ekwehleni kokuchuma komhlaba ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwiindawo eziphezulu, i-cyanide inokuba yingozi kwiintsholongwane ezininzi zomhlaba, inciphise iyantlukwano yeentsholongwane kwaye iphazamise ulungelelwaniso oluthambileyo lwendalo emhlabeni.

2.Ukuguqulwa koLwakhiwo loMhlaba kunye nokuFumana kweSondlo

I-Cyanide inamandla okubopha ngesinyithi kunye ne-organic matter ekhoyo emhlabeni, yenze ii-complexes ezizinzileyo. Le nkqubo yokubophelela inokwenza izondlo eziyimfuneko ezifana nentsimbi, i-zinc, kunye nobhedu zifikeleleke lula kwizityalo. Ngaphezu koko, xa i-cyanide idibana namalungu omhlaba, inokubangela utshintsho kumhlaba pH. Olu tshintsho lwe-pH, luchaphazela ukunyibilika kunye nokufumaneka kwezinye izondlo. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye iimeko, i-cyanide-eyenziwe utshintsho lwe-pH inokukhokelela kwimvula ye-phosphorus, yenze ukuba ingafumaneki kwizityalo. Ukongeza, i-cyanide inokuphazamisa indlela yokudityaniswa komhlaba. Imidibaniso yomhlaba esempilweni ibalulekile ekungeneni kwamanzi, ukungena kweengcambu, kunye nokungena komoya emhlabeni. Xa olu lwakhiwo luphazamiseka, umhlaba unokuxineka ngakumbi, okukhokelela ekungangeni kakuhle kwamanzi kunye nokuncipha kokufumaneka kweoksijini kwiingcambu zezityalo.

3.Ungcoliseko loMhlaba kunye nokuZinzisa ixesha elide

Nje ukuba i-sodium cyanide ingene emhlabeni, ukuzingisa kwayo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo. Kwezinye iimeko, iimicroorganisms zomhlaba okanye iinkqubo zekhemikhali zinokuthoba kancinci icyanide. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko zomhlaba ezine-anaerobic okanye ezine-acidic kakhulu, ezingathandekiyo ukuthotywa, i-cyanide inokuqokelela emhlabeni. Oku kuzingisa kwexesha elide kuthetha ukuba umhlaba ungahlala ungcolisekile iminyaka, oko kubeka isoyikiso ekukhuleni kwezityalo nakwizinto eziphilayo zomhlaba. Ngaphaya koko, umhlaba ongcolisekileyo unokusebenza njengomthombo wesibini wongcoliseko. I-Cyanide inokuphumela kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba okanye ihanjiswe ngamanzi aphezu komhlaba, isasaza ungcoliseko kwiindawo ezikufutshane.

Ungcoliseko lwaManzi

Ukunyibilika okuphezulu kwesodium cyanide emanzini kuyenza ibe sisoyikiso esibalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Xa ikhutshwa emanzini angaphezulu njengemilambo, amachibi, okanye imilambo, iyanyibilika ngokukhawuleza kwaye ihlukane ibe yi-cyanide ion. Nakwiqondo eliphantsi kakhulu, icyanide iyityhefu kakhulu kwizinto eziphila emanzini. Iintlanzi, ii-invertebrates, kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini zisesichengeni sokuchaphazeleka kwicyanide. I-Cyanide inokuphazamisa iinkqubo zabo zokuphefumula, inqanda ukunyuswa kwe-oksijini. Ngenxa yoko, intlanzi inokuba namava ancitshisiweyo okuqubha, ukuzala okuthintelweyo, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, ukufa kwabantu abaninzi. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba ugxininiso oluphantsi njenge-5 - 7.2 micrograms ilitha nganye ye-cyanide yamahhala ingaba nemiphumo emibi kwintlanzi, kwaye amanqanaba angaphezu kwama-200 micrograms ilitha ayityhefu ngokukhawuleza kwiintlobo ezininzi zeentlanzi. Ii-invertebrates zikwabonisa iziphumo ezibi ezingabulaliyo kwindawo ephantsi yecyanide kunye neziphumo ezibulalayo kumanqanaba aphezulu kancinci. Ngaphezu koko, i-cyanide inokungcolisa amanzi aphantsi komhlaba, engumthombo omkhulu wamanzi okusela kuluntu oluninzi. Ukuba i-cyanide - amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba angcolisekileyo asetyenziselwa ukusela, anokubangela ingozi enkulu kwimpilo yabantu, ebangela iimpawu ezifana nentloko, isiyezi, isicaphucaphu, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu, ukufa.

Ukumoshwa komoya

Xa i-sodium cyanide idibana nee-asidi, iityuwa ze-asidi, amanzi, umswakama, okanye ICarbon i-dioxide, inokuvelisa igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide enobuthi kakhulu netshayo (HCN). Le gesi inokukhutshwa emoyeni, ngakumbi kwiindawo zoshishino apho kuchitheka ngengozi okanye ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanelekanga kwenzeka khona. Igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide iyingozi kakhulu njengoko inokuphefumlwa lula ngabantu nezilwanyana. Ukuphefumla nokuba yi-hydrogen cyanide encinci kunokubangela iingxaki zempilo ngoko nangoko, kubandakanya ubunzima bokuphefumla, ukuphefumla ngokukhawuleza, intloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi, kwaye xa umntu echaphazeleka kakhulu, inokukhokelela ekumisweni kokuphefumla nokufa. Ukongeza kwiingozi zempilo ngqo, igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide inokuba negalelo kungcoliseko lomoya kwindawo engqongileyo, idodobale umgangatho womoya kwaye ichaphazele impilo-ntle yenkqubo yonke yendalo.

Iindlela zoKhuselo

Ukhuseleko loKhuseleko kwiNdawo yoMsebenzi

1.IziXhobo zoKhuseleko zoMntu (PPE)

• Ukukhuselwa ngokuphefumla: Kwiindawo apho ukuvezwa kwe-sodium cyanide kunokwenzeka, njengexesha lokuveliswa kwayo, ukuthuthwa, okanye kwimeko yokuvuza okunokwenzeka, abasebenzi kufuneka baxhotyiswe ngokhuseleko olufanelekileyo lokuphefumla. Izixhobo zokuphefumla ezizimeleyo (SCBAs) zinconywa kwiimeko ezinobungozi obuphezulu, njengoko zibonelela ngomthombo othembekileyo womoya ococekileyo, ukuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ukuphefumla kwe-cyanide - equkethe uthuli okanye igesi. Kwiimeko zokuvezwa okuncinci, iziphefumlo zokucoca umoya ezinezihluzi ezithile ezenzelwe ukususa iikhompawundi ze-cyanide zingasetyenziswa, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwingqibelelo efanelekileyo kunye nesihluzo.

• Ulusu kunye noKhuseleko lwamehlo: I-sodium cyanide inokubangela ukutshisa okukhulu xa udibana nolusu kunye namehlo. Ke ngoko, abasebenzi kufuneka bahlale benxibe iisuti ezipheleleyo zemichiza yomzimba, kubandakanya iigloves kunye neebhutsi. Iiglasi zokhuseleko okanye izikhuselo zobuso zibalulekile ukukhusela amehlo kuko nakuphi na ukuchaphaza okanye amasuntswana othuli. Ezi zambatho zokukhusela kufuneka zenziwe ngezinto ezingenakufikeleleka kwi-sodium cyanide ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluphezulu.

• Ezinye izixhobo ezikhuselayo: Ngaphandle kokuphefumla, isikhumba, kunye nokukhuselwa kwamehlo, abasebenzi kufuneka banxibe iminqwazi enzima kwiindawo apho kukho umngcipheko wokuwa kwezinto kunye nokukhuselwa okufanelekileyo kokuva ukuba basebenza kwiindawo ezinomsindo ezinxulumene nokusebenza kwe-sodium cyanide.

2.Imilinganiselo yoKhuseleko eMsebenzini

• yoGcino: I-sodium cyanide kufuneka igcinwe kwindawo yokugcina ezinikeleyo, engenamoya, kwaye itshixiwe eyahlulwe kwezinye iikhemikhali, ngakumbi ezo zinokusabela ngayo. Izikhongozeli zokugcina kufuneka zitywinwe ngokuqinileyo kwaye zakhiwe ngemathiriyeli ekwaziyo ukumelana nokubola ngesodium cyanide, efana ne-high- density polyethylene okanye intsimbi engatyiwa. Iileyibhile ezicacileyo kwizikhongozeli kufuneka zibonise iziqulatho, iingozi, kunye nemiyalelo yokuphatha. Iindawo zokugcina kufuneka kwakhona zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokuvalela ukuchitheka, njengeedikhi okanye iitreyi, ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwayo nayiphi na i-sodium cyanide evuzayo.

• Iinkqubo zokuphatha: Konke ukuphathwa kwe-sodium cyanide kufuneka kuqhutywe kwindawo elawulwayo ngokulandela iinkqubo eziqinileyo zokusebenza ezisemgangathweni. Abasebenzi kufuneka baqeqeshwe ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokuphakamisa, ukugalela, kunye nokuhambisa ukuze kuncitshiswe umngcipheko wokuchitheka okanye ukutshiza. Izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuphatha i-sodium cyanide kufuneka zenziwe ngezinto ezingaqhubiyo ukuthintela ukuvutha kwayo nayiphi na imixube enokutsha. Emva kokusetyenziswa ngalunye, izixhobo kunye neendawo zokusebenza kufuneka zicocwe ngokucokisekileyo kwaye zihlanjululwe ukuze zisuse nayiphi na imikhondo ye-sodium cyanide.

• komoya: Ukungena komoya okwaneleyo kubalulekile kwiindawo zokusebenza apho kukho i-sodium cyanide. Iinkqubo zokungenisa umoya ezikhupha umoya wendawo kufuneka zifakelwe kwiindawo ezinokukhutshwa, njengaxa kuvulwa izikhongozeli okanye ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa. Ukungenisa umoya jikelele kwindawo yonke yokusebenza kufuneka kwakhona kwanele ukugcina umgangatho womoya kunye nokuhlambulula nawaphi na amasuntswana e-sodium cyanide okanye umphunga. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo komgangatho womoya kwindawo yokusebenza kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanqanaba okuvezwa ahlala ngaphakathi kwemida eyamkelekileyo.

3.Uqeqesho lwaBasebenzi

• Ukwazisa Ngengozi: Bonke abasebenzi abanokuthi badibane ne-sodium cyanide, kubandakanywa nabo babandakanyekayo kwimveliso yayo, ukuthutha, ukugcinwa, kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho olubanzi kwiingozi ezinxulumene nekhemikhali. Oku kubandakanya ukuqonda ubuthi bayo, iindlela ezinokubakho zokuvezwa (ukuphefumla, ukungeniswa, kunye nokunxibelelana kwesikhumba), kunye neempawu zetyhefu ye-cyanide.

• Ukuphatha ngokuKhuselekileyo kunye noGcino: Abasebenzi kufuneka baqeqeshwe ngendlela efanelekileyo yokuphatha kunye neenkqubo zokugcina njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla. Kuya kufuneka baqhelane nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokhuselo lomntu kunye nendlela yokunikela kunye nokuzicima ngokufanelekileyo. Uqeqesho kufuneka lubandakanye imiboniso ebonakalayo kunye nezandla - kumava okuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi bazithembile kwizakhono zabo zokuphatha i-sodium cyanide ngokukhuselekileyo.

• UQeqesho lokuPhendula ngokuNgxamisekileyo: Abasebenzi kufuneka baqeqeshwe kwiinkqubo zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, kubandakanywa nendlela yokubona iimpawu ze-sodium cyanide ukuvuza okanye ukuvezwa, indlela yokuqalisa impendulo engxamisekileyo, kunye nendlela yokwenza uncedo lokuqala xa kukho ubuthi be-cyanide. Uvavanyo rhoqo kufuneka luqhutywe ukuvavanya kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwesicwangciso sokuphendula ngokukhawuleza.

Amanyathelo aNgxamisekileyo

1.Impendulo yesiganeko

• Ukwahlukaniswa kunye nokuPhuculwa: Xa kwenzeka ukuvuza okanye ukuchithwa kwe-sodium cyanide, indawo echaphazelekayo kufuneka ibe yodwa ngokukhawuleza ukukhusela ukusasazeka kwezinto ezinobuthi. Iinkqubo zokufuduka kufuneka ziqaliswe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye bonke abasebenzi abangabalulekanga kufuneka basuswe basiwe kumgama okhuselekileyo kwindawo yesiganeko. Iindlela zokuphuma kufuneka ziphawulwe ngokucacileyo kwaye zaziwa ngabo bonke abasebenzi.

• Ukugcinwa kunye nokuCocaAmaqela akhethekileyo axhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokuzikhusela ezifanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokuphendula ezichithekileyo kufuneka zisetyenziswe ukuze kuthintelwe ukuchitheka. Oku kunokubandakanya ukusebenzisa izinto ezifunxayo, ezifana Ikhabhoni esebenzayo okanye i-vermiculite, ukuze kufunxwe i-sodium cyanide engamanzi. I-sodium cyanide eqinileyo ingatshayelwa ngononophelo ize ibekwe kwizikhongozeli ezivaliweyo ukuze ilahlwe ngokufanelekileyo. Emva kokuba ichithwe, indawo kufuneka isuswe ngokupheleleyo kusetyenziswa izixhobo zokucoca ezifanelekileyo kunye neendlela zokususa naziphi na iintsalela ze-sodium cyanide.

• Isaziso: Kwimeko yesiganeko se-sodium cyanide, amagunya afanelekileyo, njengamaziko asekuhlaleni okukhusela indalo, amasebe omlilo, kunye namaqela okuphendula ngokukhawuleza, kufuneka aziswe ngokukhawuleza. Unxibelelwano lwangexesha lubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe impendulo elungelelanisiweyo nesebenzayo ukunciphisa ifuthe lemo engqongileyo kunye nempilo.

2.Ukunyangwa kweCyanide-Enenkunkuma

• Indlela ye-Alkaline yeChlorination: Le ndlela ibandakanya ukulungelelanisa i-pH ye-cyanide - equlethe amanzi amdaka ukuya kwi-8.5 - 9 kunye nokongeza i-chlorine-based oxidants. I-chlorine-based oxidants, njenge-bleach (ikakhulukazi i-NaClO) okanye igesi ye-chlorine (i-Cl₂, enyibilika emanzini ukuze yenze i-HClO), isabela ngee-ion ze-cyanide (CN⁻). Kwisinyathelo sokuqala, i-cyanide i-oxidized to cyanate (CNO⁻), engaphantsi kakhulu kunetyhefu. I-oxidation eyongezelelweyo inokuguqula i-cyanate ibe yi-carbon dioxide (CO₂) kunye ne-nitrogen (N₂). Indlela ilula ukuyisebenzisa kwaye inokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo umxholo we-cyanide kumanzi amdaka ukuya kwinqanaba eliphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ifaneleke ngakumbi ukunyanga amanzi amdaka anoxinzelelo oluphantsi lwecyanide. Amanzi amdaka e-cyanide aphezulu angafuna isixa esikhulu seklorin-based oxidants, ukwandisa iindleko zonyango kunye nokubanakho ukuvelisa ungcoliseko lwesibini.

• Uxinzelelo lwe-Hydrolysis Method: Kule ndlela, i-cyanide - equkethe amanzi angcolileyo ifakwe kwisitya esivaliweyo. I-alkali yongezwa, kwaye emva koko amanzi amdaka afudunyezwa kwaye acinezelwe. Ngaphantsi kwezi meko, i-cyanide ifumana impendulo ye-hydrolysis. Ii-ion ze-cyanide zidibana neemolekyuli zamanzi ukuvelisa ifomathi yesodium engeyiyo inetyhefu (HCOONA) kunye ne-ammonia (NH₃). Indlela inoluhlu olubanzi lokuguquguquka kwi-concentration ye-cyanide emanzini amdaka kwaye inokusingatha i-compounds ye-cyanide eyinkimbinkimbi. Nangona kunjalo, idinga izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zoxinzelelo kunye nokufudumeza, okwenza inkqubo yonke ibe nzima. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kunye notyalo-mali lwezixhobo nako kubangela iindleko eziphezulu zonyango.

• Indlela eneAcidized: Kwindlela ye-acidized, i-asidi ye-sulfuric yongezwa kwi-cyanide - equkethe amanzi amdaka ukulungisa i-pH kwi-2 - 3. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ze-acidic, i-cyanide emanzini amdaka isabela ukwenza i-hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN). Ekubeni ingxinano yegesi yehydrogen cyanide incinci, umoya udlula emanzini amdaka ukuze ukhuphe igesi yehydrogen cyanide ngaphandle, emva koko irhasi ingeniswe kwisisombululo sealkali ukuze igaywe ngokutsha. Enye inzuzo yale ndlela yindlela yokubuyisela i-sodium cyanide, enexabiso elithile lezoqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo, ifuna ulawulo olungqongqo lweemeko zokusebenza njengoko igesi yehydrogen cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu. Nakuphi na ukuvuza ngexesha lenkqubo kunokubangela ingozi enkulu kwindalo kunye nempilo yabantu, kufuneke amanyathelo okhuseleko aphezulu kunye nokutywinwa kwezixhobo.

• Iindlela zonyango lwebhayoloji: Ezinye iintsholongwane ziyakwazi ukubola icyanide. Kwiindlela zonyango lwebhayoloji, ibhaktheriya ethile okanye ifungi isetyenziselwa ukuthotywa kwe-cyanide kwinkunkuma. Ezi microorganisms zinokusebenzisa icyanide njengekhabhoni okanye umthombo wenitrogen ngothotho lweentshukumo ze-enzymatic, ziyiguqule ibe zizinto ezingeyotyhefu ezifana nekharbon diokside, amanzi, kunye neammonia. Iindlela zonyango lwebhayoloji zihambelana nokusingqongileyo njengoko zingazisi inani elikhulu lee-reagents zamachiza. Nangona kunjalo, bahlala benovelwano ngakumbi kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kwonyango kunokuchatshazelwa zizinto ezifana nobushushu, i-pH, kunye nobukho bezinye izinto ezingcolisayo.

isiphelo

I-sodium cyanide, nangona ibaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zemizi-mveliso, ibeka isoyikiso esibalulekileyo kokusingqongileyo. Impembelelo yayo kumhlaba, emanzini, nasemoyeni inokukhokelela kwiziphumo zexesha elide nezikude kwi-ikhosistim kunye nempilo yabantu. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuphunyezwa kwamanyathelo okhuseleko olufanelekileyo kwindawo yokusebenzela, izicwangciso ezisebenzayo zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo zonyango ze-cyanide - eziqulethe inkunkuma, sinokunciphisa ezi zisongelo. Luxanduva lwemizi-mveliso, amagunya alawulayo, noluntu luphela ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokukhuselekileyo, ukugcinwa, nokulahlwa kwesodium cyanide ukukhusela okusingqongileyo kunye nokukhusela impilo-ntle yezizukulwana ezizayo.