Usongelo lweSodium Cyanide kwiNdawo kunye neendlela zoKhuselo

intshayelelo

I-Sodium cyanide (NaCN) yikhemikhali enobungozi kakhulu esetyenziswa kakhulu kumacandelo amaninzi emizi-mveliso, kubandakanya ukumbiwa kwegolide nesilivere, ukufakelwa kwe-electroplating, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziphilayo. Iimpawu zayo ezikhethekileyo zekhemikhali zenza ukuba ibe yinto efunekayo kwiinkqubo ezithile zoshishino. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphathwa, ukugcinwa, okanye ukulahlwa kwe- Sodium cyanide ngendlela engafanelekanga kunokukhupha uthotho lwemiphumo emibi kwindalo esingqongileyo, nto leyo ebangela iingozi ezinkulu kumgangatho womhlaba, imithombo yamanzi, kunye nomgangatho womoya. Ukuqonda ezi ngozi kunye nokusebenzisa iindlela zokukhusela ezisebenzayo kubaluleke kakhulu kulondolozo lwendalo kunye nokuphila kakuhle kwabantu.

Iipropati kunye neMithombo yeSodium Cyanide

I-Sodium cyanide sisithako esimhlophe, esikristale esibonakalisa ukunyibilika okukhulu emanzini. Inevumba elibi le-almond, nangona kungengabo bonke abantu abanokuyiqonda le vumba. Kwimizi-mveliso, isetyenziswa ngobuninzi. Umzekelo, kwimizi-mveliso yegolide neyesilivere, inkqubo ye-cyanidation isebenzisa i-Sodium Cyanide ukunyibilikisa izinyithi ezixabisekileyo kwi-ores. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukwenziwa kwee-complexes ze-soluble metal - cyanide. Amashishini e-electroplating ayisebenzisa ukufaka umaleko omncinci wesinyithi kwi-substrates ezahlukeneyo, kwaye isebenza njengezinto eziphambili ekuhlanganiseni iikhompawundi ezininzi ze-organic kwimizi-mveliso yeekhemikhali. Ngelishwa, ukuchitheka ngengozi ngexesha lokuthuthwa okanye ukuveliswa, iindlela ezingafanelekanga zokulahla inkunkuma, kunye nokuvuza okuvela kwiindawo zokugcina izinto zizinto eziqhelekileyo apho i-sodium cyanide inokukhutshwa khona kwindalo esingqongileyo.

Iingozi kwiNdawo

Impembelelo kuMhlaba

1.Impembelelo kwiMicroorganisms yoMhlaba

Iimicroorganisms zomhlaba "ziinjineli" ze-ecosystem yomhlaba, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ukuchuma komhlaba, ukuququzelela ukujikeleza kwezondlo, kunye nokuqinisekisa impilo yomhlaba wonke. Isodium cyanide, naxa isezantsi kakhulu emhlabeni, inokusebenza njengesithinteli esinamandla se microorganisms zomhlaba. Inokuphazamisa imisebenzi eqhelekileyo ye-metabolic yeebhaktheriya, i-fungi, kunye nezinye ii-microbes eziluncedo. Umzekelo, iibhaktheriya ezithile ezilungisa initrogen, ezinoxanduva lokuguqula initrogen yasemoyeni ibe yimo efikelelekayo kwizityalo, inokuba nesakhono sazo sokulungisa initrogen - sonakaliswe kakhulu yicyanide. Oku kuphazamiseka kumjikelo wenitrogen kunokukhokelela ngokuthe ngcembe ekwehleni kokuchuma komhlaba ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwiindawo eziphezulu, i-cyanide inokuba yingozi kwiintsholongwane ezininzi zomhlaba, inciphise iyantlukwano yeentsholongwane kwaye iphazamise ulungelelwaniso oluthambileyo lwendalo emhlabeni.

2.Ukuguqulwa koLwakhiwo loMhlaba kunye nokuFumana kweSondlo

I-Cyanide inamandla okubopha ngesinyithi kunye ne-organic matter ekhoyo emhlabeni, yenze ii-complexes ezizinzileyo. Le nkqubo yokubophelela inokwenza izondlo eziyimfuneko ezifana nentsimbi, i-zinc, kunye nobhedu zifikeleleke lula kwizityalo. Ngaphezu koko, xa i-cyanide idibana namalungu omhlaba, inokubangela utshintsho kumhlaba pH. Olu tshintsho lwe-pH, luchaphazela ukunyibilika kunye nokufumaneka kwezinye izondlo. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye iimeko, i-cyanide-eyenziwe utshintsho lwe-pH inokukhokelela kwimvula ye-phosphorus, yenze ukuba ingafumaneki kwizityalo. Ukongeza, i-cyanide inokuphazamisa indlela yokudityaniswa komhlaba. Imidibaniso yomhlaba esempilweni ibalulekile ekungeneni kwamanzi, ukungena kweengcambu, kunye nokungena komoya emhlabeni. Xa olu lwakhiwo luphazamiseka, umhlaba unokuxineka ngakumbi, okukhokelela ekungangeni kakuhle kwamanzi kunye nokuncipha kokufumaneka kweoksijini kwiingcambu zezityalo.

3.Ungcoliseko loMhlaba kunye nokuZinzisa ixesha elide

Nje ukuba i-sodium cyanide ingene emhlabeni, ukuzingisa kwayo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo. Kwezinye iimeko, iimicroorganisms zomhlaba okanye iinkqubo zekhemikhali zinokuthoba kancinci icyanide. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko zomhlaba ezine-anaerobic okanye ezine-acidic kakhulu, ezingathandekiyo ukuthotywa, i-cyanide inokuqokelela emhlabeni. Oku kuzingisa kwexesha elide kuthetha ukuba umhlaba ungahlala ungcolisekile iminyaka, oko kubeka isoyikiso ekukhuleni kwezityalo nakwizinto eziphilayo zomhlaba. Ngaphaya koko, umhlaba ongcolisekileyo unokusebenza njengomthombo wesibini wongcoliseko. I-Cyanide inokuphumela kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba okanye ihanjiswe ngamanzi aphezu komhlaba, isasaza ungcoliseko kwiindawo ezikufutshane.

Ungcoliseko lwaManzi

Ukunyibilika okuphezulu kwesodium cyanide emanzini kuyenza ibe sisoyikiso esibalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Xa ikhutshwa emanzini angaphezulu njengemilambo, amachibi, okanye imilambo, iyanyibilika ngokukhawuleza kwaye ihlukane ibe yi-cyanide ion. Nakwiqondo eliphantsi kakhulu, icyanide iyityhefu kakhulu kwizinto eziphila emanzini. Iintlanzi, ii-invertebrates, kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini zisesichengeni sokuchaphazeleka kwicyanide. I-Cyanide inokuphazamisa iinkqubo zabo zokuphefumula, inqanda ukunyuswa kwe-oksijini. Ngenxa yoko, intlanzi inokuba namava ancitshisiweyo okuqubha, ukuzala okuthintelweyo, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, ukufa kwabantu abaninzi. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba ugxininiso oluphantsi njenge-5 - 7.2 micrograms ilitha nganye ye-cyanide yamahhala ingaba nemiphumo emibi kwintlanzi, kwaye amanqanaba angaphezu kwama-200 micrograms ilitha ayityhefu ngokukhawuleza kwiintlobo ezininzi zeentlanzi. Ii-invertebrates zikwabonisa iziphumo ezibi ezingabulaliyo kwindawo ephantsi yecyanide kunye neziphumo ezibulalayo kumanqanaba aphezulu kancinci. Ngaphezu koko, i-cyanide inokungcolisa amanzi aphantsi komhlaba, engumthombo omkhulu wamanzi okusela kuluntu oluninzi. Ukuba i-cyanide - amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba angcolisekileyo asetyenziselwa ukusela, anokubangela ingozi enkulu kwimpilo yabantu, ebangela iimpawu ezifana nentloko, isiyezi, isicaphucaphu, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu, ukufa.

Ukumoshwa komoya

Xa i-sodium cyanide idibana nee-asidi, iityuwa ze-asidi, amanzi, umswakama, okanye i-Carbon dioxide, inokuvelisa igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide (HCN) enobuthi kakhulu netshayo. Le gesi inokukhutshwa emoyeni, ngakumbi kwiindawo zoshishino apho kuchitheka ngengozi okanye ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanelekanga. Igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide iyingozi kakhulu njengoko inokuphefumlelwa lula ngabantu nezilwanyana. Ukuphefumla nokuba yi-hydrogen cyanide encinci kunokubangela iingxaki zempilo ngoko nangoko, kubandakanya ubunzima bokuphefumla, ukuphefumla ngokukhawuleza, intloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi, kwaye xa uchaphazeleka kakhulu, kunokukhokelela ekumisweni kokuphefumla nokufa. Ukongeza kwiingozi ezithe ngqo zempilo, igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide inokuba negalelo kungcoliseko lomoya kwindawo engqongileyo, idodobalise umgangatho womoya kwaye inokuchaphazela impilo-ntle yenkqubo yonke yendalo.

Iindlela zoKhuselo

Ukhuseleko loKhuseleko kwiNdawo yoMsebenzi

1.IziXhobo zoKhuseleko zoMntu (PPE)

• Ukhuseleko Lokuphefumla : Kwiindawo apho kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho i-sodium cyanide, njengakwixesha lokuveliswa kwayo, ukuthuthwa kwayo, okanye xa kukho ukuvuza okunokwenzeka, abasebenzi kufuneka baxhotyiswe ngokhuseleko olufanelekileyo lokuphefumla. Izixhobo zokuphefumla ezizimeleyo (ii-SCBA) ziyacetyiswa kwiimeko ezinobungozi obukhulu, njengoko zibonelela ngomthombo othembekileyo womoya ococekileyo, zithintela ngokufanelekileyo ukuphefumla kwe-cyanide - equlethe uthuli okanye igesi. Kwiimeko ezingachaphazeleki kakhulu, ii-respirators zokucoca umoya ezinezihluzo ezithile ezenzelwe ukususa iikhompawundi ze-cyanide zingasetyenziswa, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekulinganeni ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokuthembeka kwesihluzo.

• Ukhuseleko lolusu namehlo : I-sodium cyanide inokubangela ukutsha okukhulu xa idibana nolusu namehlo. Ke ngoko, abasebenzi kufuneka banxibe iisuti ezimelana neekhemikhali emzimbeni wonke, kuquka iiglavu kunye neebhutsi. Iiglasi zokhuseleko okanye izikhuselo zobuso zibalulekile ukukhusela amehlo kuyo nayiphi na into etshizayo okanye amasuntswana othuli. Ezi mpahla zokukhusela kufuneka zenziwe ngezinto ezingangenisi i-sodium cyanide ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluphezulu.

• Ezinye izixhobo zokukhusela : Ngaphandle kokukhusela ukuphefumla, ulusu, kunye namehlo, abasebenzi kufuneka banxibe iminqwazi eqinileyo kwiindawo apho kukho umngcipheko wokuwa kwezinto kunye nokhuseleko olufanelekileyo lokuva xa besebenza kwiindawo ezinengxolo ezinxulumene nokusebenza kwe-sodium cyanide.

2.Imilinganiselo yoKhuseleko eMsebenzini

• Indawo yokugcina : I-sodium cyanide kufuneka igcinwe kwindawo yokugcina ebekelwe bucala, enomoya ococekileyo, kwaye itshixiwe eyahlulwe kwezinye iikhemikhali, ingakumbi ezo zinokusabela kuyo. Izikhongozeli zokugcina kufuneka zivalwe ngokuqinileyo kwaye zakhiwe ngezinto ezinganyangekiyo kukubola yi-sodium cyanide, ezifana ne-polyethylene enobunzima obuphezulu okanye intsimbi engatyiwayo. Iileyibhile ezicacileyo kwizikhongozeli kufuneka zibonise umxholo, iingozi, kunye nemiyalelo yokuphatha. Iindawo zokugcina kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokuthintela ukuchitheka, ezifana needike okanye iitreyi, ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwayo nayiphi na i-sodium cyanide evuzayo.

• Iinkqubo Zokuphatha : Lonke ulawulo lwe-sodium cyanide kufuneka lwenziwe kwindawo elawulwayo kulandela iinkqubo zokusebenza ezisemgangathweni. Abasebenzi kufuneka baqeqeshwe kwiindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuphakamisa, ukuthulula, kunye nokudlulisa ukuze kuncitshiswe umngcipheko wokuchitheka okanye ukutshiza. Izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuphatha i-sodium cyanide kufuneka zenziwe ngezinto ezingatshisi ukuthintela ukutsha kwayo nayiphi na imixube enokutsha. Emva kokusetyenziswa ngakunye, izixhobo kunye neendawo zokusebenza kufuneka zicocwe kakuhle kwaye zisuswe ukungcola ukuze kususwe naziphi na iintsalela ze-sodium cyanide.

• Umoya : Umoya owaneleyo ubalulekile kwiindawo zokusebenza apho kukho i-sodium cyanide. Iinkqubo zomoya zokukhupha umoya zasekuhlaleni kufuneka zifakwe kwiindawo ezinokukhululwa kuzo, njengaxa kuvulwa izikhongozeli okanye ngexesha leenkqubo zemveliso. Umoya oqhelekileyo kwindawo yonke yokusebenza kufuneka wanele ukugcina umgangatho womoya kunye nokunciphisa naziphi na iisuntswana ze-sodium cyanide okanye umphunga. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo komgangatho womoya kwindawo yokusebenza kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanqanaba okuvezwa ahlala ngaphakathi kwemida eyamkelekileyo.

3.Uqeqesho lwaBasebenzi

• Ukwazisa Ngeengozi : Bonke abasebenzi abanokuthi badibane ne-sodium cyanide, kuquka abo babandakanyeka kwimveliso yayo, ekuthuthweni kwayo, ekugcinweni kwayo, nasekuphenduleni ngexesha likaxakeka, kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho olupheleleyo malunga neengozi ezinxulumene nekhemikhali. Oku kuquka ukuqonda ubuthi bayo, iindlela ezinokubakho zokuchatshazelwa yiyo (ukuphefumla, ukuginywa kwayo, kunye nokunxibelelana nolusu), kunye neempawu zetyhefu ye-cyanide.

• Ukuphathwa Nokugcinwa Ngokukhuselekileyo : Abasebenzi kufuneka baqeqeshwe kwiinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuphathwa nokugcinwa njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla. Bafanele baqhelene nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuzikhusela kunye nendlela yokuzisusa nokuzikhulula ngokufanelekileyo. Uqeqesho kufuneka lubandakanye imiboniso esebenzayo kunye namava asebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi baqinisekile ngamakhono abo okuphatha i-sodium cyanide ngokukhuselekileyo.

• Uqeqesho Lokuphendula Kwiingxakeko : Abasebenzi kufuneka baqeqeshwe kwiinkqubo zokuphendula kwiingxakeko, kuquka indlela yokubona iimpawu zokuvuza okanye ukuvezwa yi-sodium cyanide, indlela yokuqalisa impendulo kwiingxakeko, kunye nendlela yokwenza uncedo lokuqala xa kukho ityhefu ye-cyanide. Kufuneka kwenziwe uqeqesho rhoqo ukuze kuvavanywe kwaye kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwesicwangciso sokuphendula kwiingxakeko.

Amanyathelo aNgxamisekileyo

1.Impendulo yesiganeko

• Ukuzahlula kunye nokuFuduka : Kwimeko yokuvuza okanye ukuchitheka kwe-sodium cyanide, indawo echaphazelekayo kufuneka yahlulwe ngoko nangoko ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwesi sixhobo sinobuthi. Iinkqubo zokufuduka kufuneka ziqaliswe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye bonke abasebenzi abangengobalulekanga kufuneka bafuduselwe kumgama okhuselekileyo ukusuka kwindawo yesiganeko. Iindlela zokufuduka kufuneka ziphawulwe ngokucacileyo kwaye zaziwe ngabo bonke abasebenzi.

• Ukuthintela nokucoca : Amaqela akhethekileyo axhotyiswe ngezixhobo zokuzikhusela ezifanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokuphendula ukuchitheka kufuneka zisetyenziswe ukuze kuthintelwe ukuchitheka. Oku kunokubandakanya ukusebenzisa izinto ezifunxayo, ezifana ne -Activated Carbon okanye i-vermiculite, ukuze kufunxwe i-sodium cyanide engamanzi. I-sodium cyanide eqinileyo ingatshayelwa ngononophelo kwaye ibekwe kwizikhongozeli ezivaliweyo ukuze ilahlwe ngokufanelekileyo. Emva kokuba ukuchitheka kuthintelwe, indawo kufuneka isuswe ngokupheleleyo kusetyenziswa izixhobo zokucoca ezifanelekileyo kunye neendlela zokususa naziphi na iintsalela ze-sodium cyanide.

• Isaziso : Kwimeko yesiganeko se-sodium cyanide, amagunya afanelekileyo, afana nee-arhente zokukhusela okusingqongileyo zasekuhlaleni, amasebe omlilo, kunye namaqela okuphendula ngexesha likaxakeka, kufuneka aziswe ngoko nangoko. Unxibelelwano olukhawulezileyo lubalulekile ukuqinisekisa impendulo edibeneyo nesebenzayo yokunciphisa iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo.

2.Ukunyangwa kweCyanide-Enenkunkuma

• Indlela ye-Alkaline Chlorination : Le ndlela ibandakanya ukulungisa i-pH yamanzi amdaka ane-cyanide ukuya kwi-8.5 - 9 uze wongeze ii-oxidants ezisekelwe kwi-chlorine. Ii-oxidants ezisekelwe kwi-chlorine, ezifana ne-bleach (ikakhulu i-NaClO) okanye igesi ye-chlorine (i-Cl₂, enyibilika emanzini ukuze yenze i-HClO), zisabela kunye nee-ions ze-cyanide (CN⁻). Kwinyathelo lokuqala, i-cyanide i-oxidized ibe yi-cyanate (CNO⁻), engeyiyo ityhefu kangako. I-oxidation engaphezulu inokuguqula i-cyanate ibe yi-carbon dioxide (CO₂) kunye ne-nitrogen (N₂). Le ndlela ilula ukuyisebenzisa kwaye inokunciphisa ngempumelelo umxholo we-cyanide emanzini amdaka ukuya kwinqanaba eliphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ifanelekile ngakumbi ekuphatheni amanzi amdaka ane-cyanide concentrations ephantsi. Amanzi amdaka ane-cyanide concentration ephezulu anokufuna inani elikhulu le-oxidants ezisekelwe kwi-chlorine, okunyusa iindleko zonyango kwaye kunokubangela ungcoliseko lwesibini.

• Indlela yokuHayidrolisisi yokuCinezela : Kule ndlela, amanzi amdaka ane-cyanide afakwa kwisikhongozeli esivaliweyo. Kongezwa i-alkali, aze amanzi amdaka afudunyezwe aze acinezelwe. Phantsi kwezi meko, i-cyanide ifumana ii-hydrolysis reactions. Ii-ion ze-Cyanide zisabela kunye neemolekyuli zamanzi ukuvelisa i-sodium formate engenatyhefu (HCOONa) kunye ne-ammonia (NH₃). Le ndlela inoluhlu olubanzi lokuziqhelanisa noxinzelelo lwe-cyanide emanzini amdaka kwaye inokusingatha iikhompawundi ze-cyanide ezintsonkothileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ifuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zoxinzelelo kunye nokufudumeza, okwenza inkqubo iyonke ibe nzima. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kunye notyalo-mali lwezixhobo nako kukhokelela kwiindleko eziphezulu zonyango.

• Indlela Ene-asidi : Kwindlela enee-asidi, i-sulfuric acid yongezwa kumanzi amdaka ane-cyanide ukuze kulungiswe i-pH ibe yi-2 ukuya kwi-3. Phantsi kweemeko ezine-asidi, i-cyanide emanzini amdaka isabela ukwenza i-hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN). Ekubeni uxinano lwegesi ye-hydrogen cyanide luncinci, umoya udlula emanzini amdaka ukuze kukhutshwe igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide, ize emva koko igesi ifakwe kwisisombululo se-alkali ukuze isetyenziswe kwakhona. Enye inzuzo yale ndlela kukubuyiselwa okunokwenzeka kwe-sodium cyanide, enexabiso elithile lezoqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo, ifuna ulawulo olungqongqo lweemeko zokusebenza njengoko igesi ye-hydrogen cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu. Nakuphi na ukuvuza ngexesha lenkqubo kunokuba yingozi enkulu kwindalo esingqongileyo nakwimpilo yabantu, nto leyo ebangela amanyathelo okhuseleko aphezulu kunye nokutywinwa kwezixhobo.

• Iindlela Zonyango Lwebhayoloji : Ezinye iintsholongwane zinamandla okubola i-cyanide. Kwiindlela zonyango lwebhayoloji, iintsholongwane ezithile okanye iifungi zisetyenziselwa ukonakalisa i-cyanide kwinkunkuma. Ezi ntsholongwane zingasebenzisa i-cyanide njengomthombo wekhabhoni okanye i-nitrogen ngokusebenzisa uthotho lwee-enzyme reactions, ziyiguqule ibe zizinto ezingenabungozi ezifana nekhabhoni diokside, amanzi, kunye ne-ammonia. Iindlela zonyango lwebhayoloji zinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo njengoko zingangenisi inani elikhulu lee-reagents zeekhemikhali. Nangona kunjalo, zihlala zinobuthathaka ngakumbi kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle konyango kunokuchaphazeleka zizinto ezifana nobushushu, i-pH, kunye nokubakho kwezinye izinto ezingcolisayo.

isiphelo

I-sodium cyanide, nangona ibaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zemizi-mveliso, ibeka isoyikiso esibalulekileyo kokusingqongileyo. Impembelelo yayo kumhlaba, emanzini, nasemoyeni inokukhokelela kwiziphumo zexesha elide nezikude kwi-ikhosistim kunye nempilo yabantu. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuphunyezwa kwamanyathelo okhuseleko olufanelekileyo kwindawo yokusebenzela, izicwangciso ezisebenzayo zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo zonyango ze-cyanide - eziqulethe inkunkuma, sinokunciphisa ezi zisongelo. Luxanduva lwemizi-mveliso, amagunya alawulayo, noluntu luphela ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokukhuselekileyo, ukugcinwa, nokulahlwa kwesodium cyanide ukukhusela okusingqongileyo kunye nokukhusela impilo-ntle yezizukulwana ezizayo.