I-Liquid Sodium Cyanide: Iipropati zeMichiza kunye nezicelo ezahlukeneyo

intshayelelo

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN), ikhompawundi eyaziwa ngokusebenza kwakhona okunamandla kunye netyhefu ephezulu, ikhona kuzo zombini iifom eziqinileyo kunye nezolwelo. Ulwelo Isodium cyanide, ngokufuthi ikwimo yesisombululo esinamanzi, ineempawu ezizodwa zeekhemikhali eziyenza ibaluleke kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo kunye nezicelo zenzululwazi. Esi sithuba seblogi singena kwiipropati zeekhemikhali ze Ulwelo sodium cyanide kwaye iphonononga iindawo zayo ezibanzi zokusetyenziswa, ngelixa ikwagxininisa ukubaluleka kwamanyathelo okhuseleko ngenxa yobume bayo obunobungozi.

Iimpawu zeMichiza

1. Ukusebenza kwakhona

Utywala sodium cyanide Isebenza kakhulu ngenxa ye-ion ye-cyanide equlethwe kuyo. Xa isemanzini, iqhekeka ibe yi-sodium ion kunye ne-cyanide ions. I-ion ye-cyanide yi-nucleophile eyomeleleyo, oku kuthetha ukuba ifuna ngokukhawuleza kwaye iphendule kunye neengxenye zezinye izinto eziphilayo kunye ne-inorganic compounds ezingenayo i-electron. Kwi Ukuhlanganiswa kwendalo, umzekelo, inokuzibandakanya kwi-nucleophilic substitution reactions. Ngethuba loku sabela, i-ion ye-cyanide ithatha indawo yeqela elithile ngaphakathi kwe-molecule ye-halide ye-organic, ekhokelela ekubunjweni kwebhondi entsha phakathi kwekhabhoni kunye ne-nitrogen. Oku kuphinda kusebenze kusisiseko kuninzi lokusetyenziswa kwayo ekudaleni iimolekyuli zendalo ezintsonkothileyo.

2. Ukunyibilika

Isodium cyanide inyibilika kakuhle kakhulu emanzini, yenze izisombululo ezicacileyo, ezingenambala. Ukunyibilika kwayo okuphezulu kusisiphumo sesakhiwo sayo esinamandla se-ionic. I-ion ye-sodium ehlawulwe kakuhle itsalwa kwii-athomu ze-oksijini ezihlanjululweyo kwii-athomu zamanzi, ngelixa i-ioni ye-cyanide ehlanjululweyo idibanisa kunye ne-athomu ye-hydrogen ehlawulwe kakuhle yamanzi. Le ntsebenziswano enamandla phakathi Isodium cyanide ion kunye neamolekyu zamanzi zenza ukuchithwa okubanzi, okuvumela ukudalwa kwezisombululo ze-sodium cyanide.

3. pH kunye neSiseko

Izisombululo ezinamanzi e-sodium cyanide zineempawu ezisisiseko. I-cyanide ion yi-conjugate base ye-hydrocyanic acid, i-asidi ebuthakathaka. Xa i-cyanide ion isemanzini, ifumana impendulo ebizwa ngokuba yi-hydrolysis. Ngexesha le-hydrolysis, i-cyanide ion isabela ngamamolekyuli amanzi, ivelisa i-hydrocyanic acid kunye ne-hydroxide ion. Ukukhutshwa kwezi ion ze-hydroxide kwandisa i-pH yesisombululo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izisombululo ze-sodium cyanide ezimanzi zine-pH kuluhlu lwe-11 - 13. ebonisa ukuba i-alkaline ephezulu.

4. Ubungozi

Enye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zesodium cyanide yityhefu yayo egqithisileyo. I-ion yecyanide ibophelela ngokungenakujikwa kwi-iron (III) ion ekhoyo kwi-cytochrome oxidase, i-enzyme ebaluleke kakhulu kwikhonkco lothutho lwe-electron ye-mitochondrial. Oku kuzibophelela kunqanda i-enzayimi ekwamkeleni ii-electron, ngokufanelekileyo kumise ukuphefumla kweselula. Ngaphandle kokuphefumla kweseli, iiseli azikwazi ukuvelisa i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), umthombo wamandla weeseli. Ngenxa yoko, iiseli zifa ngokukhawuleza. Ukuphefumla, ukungeniswa, okanye ukudibana kwesikhumba nolwelo lwesodium cyanide kunokuba yingozi ebantwini nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Field Fields

1. Ukumbiwa kweGolide neSilivere

Olona setyenziso lwaziwayo lwe-sodium cyanide elulwelo lukwishishini lemigodi, ngakumbi ukutsala igolide nesilivere. Le nkqubo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-cyanidation, ibandakanya ukusebenzisa izinyibiliko zesodium cyanide ezixutyiweyo ukunyibilikisa igolide nesilivere kwintsimbi yazo. Phambi kweoksijini kunye namanzi, i-sodium cyanide iphendula ngegolide kunye nesilivere, yenze iikhompawundi ezinokunyibilika kwisisombululo. Ezi khompawundi zinyibilika zinokwahlulwa kuyo yonke imathiriyeli yentsimbi. Emva kokwahlukana, iinkqubo ezongezelelweyo ezifana nemvula enezinki okanye i-electrolysis zisetyenziselwa ukubuyisela iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo. I-Cyanidation yindleko-esebenzayo kunye neyona ndlela isebenzayo yokukhupha igolide kunye nesilivere kwi-ores yomgangatho ophantsi, okwenza kube yinkqubo ephambili kwimigodi yanamhlanje.

2. I-Organic Synthesis

Kwimichiza ephilayo, i-sodium cyanide yolwelo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-reagent kwiimpendulo ezahlukeneyo ze-synthesis. Ngombulelo kubume bayo obuqinileyo be-nucleophilic, inokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-nucleophilic substitution reactions. Ngokomzekelo, ekuveliseni i-nitriles, i-alkyl halide inokusabela kunye ne-sodium cyanide kwi-solvent ye-organic efana ne-dimethylformamide. Le ndlela yokusabela iphumela ekwenziweni komxube we-nitrile. Ii-nitriles zibalulekile iikhompawundi eziphakathi ezisetyenziswa ekudityanisweni kwamayeza, iikhemikhali ze-agrochemicals, kunye nezinye iikhemikhali ezintle. Ukongeza, i-sodium cyanide ingasetyenziswa kwi-Strecker amino acid synthesis. Kule nkqubo, isabela nge-aldehyde okanye i-ketone phambi kwe-ammonia ukwenza i-compound ebizwa ngokuba yi-α-amino nitrile, enokuthi iqhutywe ngakumbi ukudala i-amino acid.

3. Ukuchongwa kombane

Ulwelo lwe-sodium cyanide lusetyenziswa kwi I-Electroplating iinkqubo, ngakumbi kwiintsimbi ze-electroplating ezifana negolide, isilivere, ubhedu, kunye ne-zinc. Iibhafu ze-Cyanide ezisekelwe kwi-electroplating zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi. Banikezela ngamandla okuphosa kakuhle, oku kuthetha ukuba banokufaka i-coating efanayo kwizinto ezinemilo enzima. Zikwaphumela kwiidiphozithi zetsimbi eziqaqambileyo kunye ezigudileyo kwaye ziqinisekise ukunamathela ngokugqwesileyo komgangatho ocwecwe kwizinto eziphantsi. Kwisisombululo se-electroplating, i-cyanide ions yenza iikhompawundi ezizinzile kunye nee-ion zetsimbi ezixutywayo. Ngexesha lenkqubo ye-electroplating, ezi zixhobo ziyancitshiswa kwi-cathode, zibeke umncinci, kunye nomaleko wentsimbi kwinto etyatywayo.

4. Unyango lwesinyithi kunye nokuCoca

Kwishishini lesinyithi, i-sodium cyanide engamanzi isetyenziselwa ukunyanga kunye nokucoca isinyithi. Iyakwazi ukususa ngokufanelekileyo i-oxides yomhlaba kunye nobunye ukungcola kwisinyithi. I-reactivity ye-ion ye-cyanide ivumela ukuba iphendule ngee-oxide zetsimbi, iguqule ibe yizixube ezinokunyibilika kwisisombululo. Ezi khompawundi zinyibilika zinokukhukuliseka. Ngapha koko, i-sodium cyanide inokusetyenziswa ngexesha lobushushu-unyango lwesinyithi ukomeleza iipropathi zazo zomphezulu, njengokwandisa ubulukhuni kunye nokunganyangeki.

Iingqwalaselo zoKhuseleko

Ngenxa yetyhefu egqithisileyo yolwelo lwe-sodium cyanide, imilinganiselo yokhuseleko engqongqo kufuneka ilandelwe xa uyiphatha, uyigcina kwaye uyisebenzisa. Abasebenzi kumashishini asebenzisa i-sodium cyanide kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho olubanzi kwiinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokhuseleko. Oku kuquka ukufunda ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokhuselo lomntu (i-PPE) njengeeglavu, iiglasi, kunye neziphefumli ngokuchanekileyo. Izixhobo zokugcina i-sodium cyanide kufuneka ziyilelwe ukuthintela ukuvuza kunye nokuqinisekisa ukungena komoya okufanelekileyo ukuphepha ukugcwala kwe-cyanide - equlethe umphunga. Kwimeko yokuchitheka, iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuphendula ezingxamisekileyo, njengokungathathi hlangothi kwe-sodium cyanide ene-oxidizing agent efana ne-sodium hypochlorite, kufuneka iqhutywe ngokukhawuleza ukukhusela ukungcoliswa kwendalo kunye nokukhusela impilo yabantu.

isiphelo

Ulwelo lwe-sodium cyanide, eneempawu zayo ezizodwa zeekhemikhali, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kumashishini amaninzi. Ukususela ekutsalweni kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo emigodini ukuya kwi-synthesis yeemolekyuli zezinto eziphilayo ezintsonkothileyo kunye nonyango lomphezulu wesinyithi, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuyahluka kwaye kukude. Nangona kunjalo, ubutyhefu bayo obuphezulu bufuna isilumkiso kunye nokuthotyelwa okungqongqo kwiiprothokholi zokhuseleko. Njengoko amashishini eqhubeka nokuguquka, ukusetyenziswa okunoxanduva lwe-sodium cyanide yolwelo kuya kuhlala kubalulekile kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko lomntu.