Izicelo eziBanzi kunye noPhuhliso oluThelekelelwayo lweSodium Cyanide kuShishino

Sodium i-cyanide (I-NaCN), njengesixhobo sekhemikhali esinetyhefu kakhulu kodwa esebenzayo, idlala indima engenakuphinda ithathelwe indawo kwicandelo lemizi-mveliso ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezizodwa zekhemikhali. Usetyenziso lwayo lubandakanya amashishini aphambili amaninzi, ukusuka kwi Ukutsalwa kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo ukudibanisa imichiza. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqiniswa kwemimiselo yokukhusela indalo kunye nokunyuka kobuchwepheshe obuluhlaza, ukuphuhliswa kwexesha elizayo Isodium cyanide ujongene nemingeni namathuba amatsha.

I. IiNdawo zokusetyenziswa ezingundoqo zeSodium Cyanide

1. Ukutsalwa kweZinyithi ezixabisekileyo kunye neMineral Processing

Isodium cyanide yeyona ndawo iphambili kwimigodi yegolide nesilivere. Ngendlela ye-cyanidation, inokwenza iikhompleksi ezinyibilikayo ngegolide nesilivere, ivumela ukutsalwa okusebenzayo kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo kwi-ores yomgangatho ophantsi. I-reaction equation imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4NaAu(CN)₂ + 4NaOH

Ngaphandle komngcipheko wetyhefu, indlela ye-cyanidation isabala ngaphezu kwe-80% yomthamo wegolide wehlabathi jikelele ngenxa yexabiso eliphantsi kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokubuyisela.

2. I-Electroplating kunye ne-Surface Treatment

Kwishishini le-electroplating, sodium cyanide, njenge-ejenti eyinkimbinkimbi, inokuzinzisa i-ion zetsimbi (ezifana nobhedu, i-zinc, kunye ne-cadmium) ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-uniform kunye ne-dense plating layer. Ngokomzekelo, inkqubo ye-cyanide zinc plating inokuphucula kakhulu ukuxhathisa ukubola kwentsimbi. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yoxinzelelo lokusingqongileyo, itekhnoloji ye-cyanide-free electroplating (efana ne-zincate zinc plating) ngokuthe ngcembe ithatha indawo yeenkqubo zemveli.

3. I-Organic Synthesis kunye ne-Pharmaceutical Intermediates

I-sodium cyanide yimathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo yokwenziwa kweekhompawundi ze-nitrile. Ngokusebenzisa i-nucleophilic substitution reactions, iqela le-CN⁻ lingangeniswa kwiimolekyuli zezinto eziphilayo ukuvelisa i-intermediates eziphambili ezifana ne-acrylonitrile (ye-synthetic fibers) kunye ne-adiponitrile (kwi-nylon 66). Umzekelo:

CH₂=CHCH₂Cl + NaCN → CH₂=CHCH₂CN + NaCl

Kwicandelo lamachiza, Isodium cyanide ibandakanyeka kwi-synthesis ye-vitamin B12. iziyobisi ezichasene nomhlaza, njalo njalo.

4. Amayeza okubulala izinambuzane kunye nezitshabalalisi

I-sodium cyanide ingasetyenziselwa ukulungisa iintlobo zezinambuzane, ezifana ne-fenvalerate (i-pyrethroid insecticide). I-derivative yayo, i-thiocyanate (SCN⁻), iphinda isetyenziswe kwi-herbicides kunye ne-fungicides.

5. Ezinye izicelo zoShishino

• Ukucoca iMetal: Ukususa umaleko we-oxide kwindawo yesinyithi;

• Isithinteli sokuLungiswa kweeMbiwa: Ukulungelelaniswa kokuziphatha kokujikeleza kwezimbiwa;

• Isandulela sezixhobo zemichiza: Isicelo esibuthathaka esifuna ulawulo olungqongqo.

II. Amathuba oPhuhliso: Imingeni kunye namaThuba ahlala kunye

1. Ukhuseleko lokusiNgqongileyo kunye noxinzelelo loKhuseleko

Ityhefu ephezulu yesodium cyanide inyanzelise ihlabathi ukuba liqinise ulongamelo. Umzekelo, i-EU's Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation iyidwelisa njengento exhalabisa kakhulu (SVHC), efuna ukuba amashishini aveze ulwazi losetyenziso. Iingozi zokuvuza zingakhokelela kwiintlekele zendalo (ezifana nesiganeko sogqabhuko-dubulo lwase-Tianjin Port e-China ngo-2015), siqhube ishishini ukuba litshintshe lisingise kwiinjongo "zokungabikho kwezinto ezikhutshwayo".

2. I-Innovation yeTekhnoloji kunye neziSombululo ezizezinye

• Ukunyuswa kweeNkqubo zeCyanide-free:

• Ukutsalwa kwegolide: Itekhnoloji efana ne-thiourea leaching kunye nendlela ye-bromination iyakhula ngokuthe ngcembe;

• I-Electroplating: Ukusebenzisa ii-agent ezixubileyo ezifana ne-citrate kunye ne-ethylenediamine ukutshintsha iicyanides;

• Iindlela zoHlaza zoHlaza: Ukudibanisa i-nitrile compounds ngokusebenzisa iindlela ze-biocatalysis (ezifana nokusebenzisa i-nitrile hydratase ukuvelisa i-acrylamide);

• Umzekelo woQoqosho oluSetyhula: Ukuphuhlisa iteknoloji yokubuyisela i-cyanide (efana nokuhlukana kwe-membrane kunye ne-ion exchange) ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa.

3. Ukukhula okunokwenzeka kwimiba eyongeziweyo kwixabiso eliphezulu

• Izixhobo ezitsha zaMandla: I-sodium cyanide isetyenziswe kwi-synthesis ye-precursors yezinto ze-cathode zeebhetri ze-lithium-ion (ezifana ne-lithium nickel cobalt manganate);

• Imichiza yoMbane: Isetyenziswa njenge-etchant ekwenzeni ii-wafers ze-semiconductor;

• Ii-Intermediates zamayeza: Ngokukhawuleza kophando lweziyobisi kunye nophuhliso, imfuno yesodium cyanide kwiikhemikhali ezintle inokuqhubeka nokukhula.

4. Umahluko kwiMarike yeNgingqi

• Amazwe athuthukile: Imfuno ithande ukuzinza, kugxininiswa ekuphuculweni kobuchwepheshe kunye nokuthotyelwa kokusingqongileyo;

• Amarike avelayo: Ukwandiswa kweziseko ezingundoqo kunye nemizi-mveliso yemveliso iqhuba imfuno, efana nophuhliso lwemigodi yegolide kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia nase-Afrika.

III. IiNdlela zekamva kunye neeMpendulo zoShishino

1.Ukuphuculwa kwezobuGcisa: Ukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi lwe-sodium cyanide kunye nokuphucula iimeko zokusabela ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa;

2.Ulawulo lweDijithali: Ukujongwa kwexesha langempela lokusetyenziswa kwe-sodium cyanide nge-Intanethi yezinto (IoT) ukunyusa ukhuseleko;

3.Isikhokelo somgaqo-nkqubo: Urhulumente kufuneka alungelelanise imfuno yemizi-mveliso kunye neenjongo zokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo kunye nokukhuthaza "uLawulo oluSebenzayo lweCyanide" (njenge-International Cyanide Management Code, ICMI);

4.Nxibelelwano loLuntu: Ukuqinisa ukungafihli kweshishini kunye nokunciphisa ucalucalulo lwengqondo yentlalo ngokubhekiselele kwicyanide.

isiphelo

Ixabiso leshishini le-sodium cyanide lihlala kunye nemingcipheko yetyhefu. Kwixesha elizayo, uphuhliso lwayo luya kuxhomekeka kwimpembelelo ye-synergistic ye-teknoloji entsha kunye nokuhlolwa okungqongqo. Nangona ijongene noxinzelelo lokuthatha indawo kwezinye iindawo, ukungafumaneki endaweni yayo kwimizi-mveliso enexabiso eliphezulu, kunye nenkqubela phambili yeenkqubo zohlaza, kusenokuvula izithuba ezintsha zokukhula kwayo. Njengezinye izinto ezinobungozi kwishishini lemichiza, indlela eya kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwe-sodium cyanide ilele "ekulawuleni ubungozi kunye nokukhulula ixabiso".