I-Persulfate Oxidation yeCyanide Waste Water Treatment: Uphononongo oluBanzi

intshayelelo

I-Cyanide, ikhompawundi enetyhefu kakhulu, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino ezifana nokufakelwa kwe-electroplating, ukumbiwa kwemigodi, kunye nokugqitywa kwesinyithi. Ngenxa yoko, kwenziwa amanzi amaninzi amdaka ane- cyanide , nto leyo ebeka umngcipheko omkhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo nakwimpilo yabantu. Iindlela zemveli zokunyanga amanzi amdaka e-Cyanide , ezifana ne-alkaline chlorination, zineengxaki ezininzi. Ezi ziquka ukwenziwa kweemveliso ezinobungozi, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kweekhemikhali, kunye nokusebenza okuphantsi kokususa izinto ezikwi-metal-cyanide complexes. Ngenxa yoko, kukho imfuno ekhulayo yetekhnoloji yonyango esebenza kakuhle nenobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iinkqubo ze-oxidation eziphambili (ii-AOP) ziye zavela njengeendlela ezithembisayo zokunyanga amanzi amdaka e-cyanide. Phakathi kwezi, inkqubo ye -Persulfate oxidation itsale ingqalelo enkulu ngenxa yamandla ayo amakhulu e-oxidation, ukusetyenziswa koluhlu olubanzi lwe-pH, kunye nokusebenza okulula. Le posi yebhlog ijolise ekuboneleleni ngesishwankathelo esipheleleyo sendlela ye-persulfate oxidation yonyango lwamanzi amdaka e-cyanide, igubungela indlela esebenza ngayo, izinto ezinefuthe, kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo.

Inkqubo yePersulfate Oxidation

I-Persulfate, ekhoyo njenge-peroxydisulfate (PDS) okanye i-peroxymonosulfate (PMS), inokuthi isebenze ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nobushushu, ukukhanya kwe-UV, iintsimbi zokutshintsha, okanye i-alkalinity, ukuvelisa i-radicals ye-sulfate esebenzayo kakhulu. Ezi radicals zesulfate zinamandla aphezulu e-oxidation, ezenza ukuba zifake i-oxidize uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo kunye ne-inorganic, kuquka i-cyanide.

Indlela yokusabela ye-persulfate oxidation ye-cyanide inzima kwaye ibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-sulfate radicals isabela kunye ne-cyanide ion ukwenza i-cyanate njengemveliso ephakathi. I-cyanate inokuphinda ifakwe kwi-oxid okanye i-hydrolyzed ukuvelisa iimveliso ezinetyhefu encinci, njenge-nitrate, i-ammonium, kunye negesi ye-nitrogen. Iindlela zokusabela ezithile ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zokusabela njenge-pH, ubushushu, kunye nobukho bezinye izinto. Kwi-acidic medium, i-reaction ilandela ulandelelwano oluthile, ngelixa i-medium medium, indlela yokusabela iyatshintsha, kunye ne-hydroxyl radicals inokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo ye-oxidation. I-Hydroxyl radicals inokuveliswa ngokusabela kwe-sulfate radicals ngamanzi okanye ekusebenziseni i-persulfate nge-alkalinity, kwaye ukusabela kwabo nge-cyanide yindlela ebalulekileyo yokususwa kwe-cyanide.

Imiba Enempembelelo

1. IPersulfate Concentration

Ukuxinwa kwe-persulfate yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle konyango lwamanzi amdaka e-cyanide. Ngokubanzi, ukonyusa idosi ye-persulfate kunokonyusa ukuveliswa kweeradicals zesulfate, ngaloo ndlela kukhuthaze i-oxidation ye-cyanide. Nangona kunjalo, i-persulfate egqithisileyo inokukhokelela kwiimpendulo zokuzicima ze-sulfate radicals, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-oxidation. Ngaphezu koko, ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-persulfate kunokunyusa iindleko zonyango kwaye kubangele iingxaki ezinokuthi zibe khona zokusingqongileyo ngenxa yentsalela ye-persulfate emanzini acociweyo. Ngaloo ndlela, i-concentration ye-persulfate efanelekileyo kufuneka igqitywe ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo ezisekelwe kwiimpawu zamanzi amdaka.

2. Ixabiso le-pH

I-pH yamanzi amdaka ichaphazela kakhulu inkqubo ye-persulfate oxidation. Iimeko ezahlukeneyo ze-pH zinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwe-persulfate, iintlobo kunye nokusebenza kwakhona kweeradicals ezenziweyo, kunye nefom ye-cyanide. Kwiimeko ezineasidi, iiradicals zesulfate zezona ntlobo zisebenzayo kwaye zibonisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kwicyanide. Njengoko i-pH isanda, umlinganiselo we-hydroxyl radicals uveliswa kwi-reaction ye-sulfate radicals ngamanzi okanye kwi-persulfate activation yi-alkalinity iyanyuka. Kwiimeko ze-alkaline, i-hydroxyl radicals inokudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-cyanide oxidation. Nangona kunjalo, amaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu okanye asezantsi e-pH anokuba neziphumo ezibi kwindlela yokusabela. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-pH ephantsi kakhulu, ukuzinza kwe-persulfate kunokuchaphazeleka, ngelixa i-pH ephezulu kakhulu, ukunyibilika kwezinye ii-ion zetsimbi kumanzi amdaka kunokutshintsha, oku kunokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwe-persulfate kunye nenkqubo ye-oxidation.

3. Ubushushu

Ubushushu bunokukhawulezisa ukusebenza kwe-persulfate kunye nesantya sokuphendula phakathi kweradicals kunye necyanide. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu akhokelela kwisizukulwana esikhawulezayo se-sulfate radicals kunye ne-cyanide oxidation esebenzayo ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, ukwandisa ubushushu kufuna igalelo lamandla elongezelelweyo, eliphakamisa iindleko zonyango. Ukongeza, ukuba iqondo lobushushu liphezulu kakhulu, linokubangela ukubola kwe-persulfate kunye nezinye iimpendulo ezingafunekiyo. Ngoko ke, xa ukhetha iqondo lokushisa elifanelekileyo lokuphendula, ulungelelwaniso kufuneka lubethe phakathi kokusebenza kakuhle kwonyango kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla.

4. Ubukho beeIoni zeMetal

Ii-ion zesinyithi eziqhele ukufunyanwa kumanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso, afana ne-Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, kunye ne-Ni²⁺, zinokuba neziphumo ezahlukileyo kwinkqubo ye-persulfate oxidation. Ezinye ii-ion zesinyithi, njenge-Cu²⁺, zinokusebenza njengezinto zokuvuselela i-persulfate, zenze iiradicals zesulfate ezingakumbi kunye nokuphucula ukususwa kwe-cyanide. Kwelinye icala, ii-ion zetsimbi ezithile zinokwenza ii-complexes ezine-cyanide, zenze ukuba zizinze kwaye kube nzima uku-oxidize. Ngaphezu koko, ii-ion zesinyithi zinokuthatha inxaxheba kwiimpendulo zecala kunye ne-persulfate okanye i-radicals, echaphazela indlela yokusabela ngokubanzi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Ukuqonda indima ye-ion zetsimbi kwinkqubo ye-oxidation ye-persulfate ibalulekile ekuphuculeni inkqubo yonyango ye-cyanide - equkethe amanzi amdaka.

5. Ixesha lokuphendula

Ixesha elaneleyo lokuphendula liyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe i-oxidation epheleleyo ye-cyanide. Njengoko i-reaction iqhubeka, i-concentration ye-cyanide iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe. Nangona kunjalo, emva kwexesha elithile, izinga lokuphendula lingacotha ngenxa yokuncipha kwee-reactants okanye ukuqokelela kweemveliso zokusabela. Elona xesha lilungileyo lokusabela lixhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ugxininiso lokuqala lwecyanide, iimeko zokusabela (ezifana noxinaniso lwe-persulfate, i-pH, kunye nobushushu), kunye nodidi lwe-matrix yamanzi amdaka. Amaxesha okusabela awandisiweyo awasoloko ekhokelela ekonyukeni komlinganiselo wobuchule bokususwa kwecyanide kwaye kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kokusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye neendleko zonyango.

Izicelo kwimizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo

1. Ishishini le-Electroplating

Kwinkqubo ye-electroplating, i-cyanide isoloko isetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wesinyithi. Amanzi amdaka avela kwi-electroplating aqulethe i-cyanide ephezulu kunye ne-metal - cyanide complexes. I-Persulfate oxidation ibonise amandla amakhulu ekunyangeni i-electroplating cyanide waste water. Umzekelo, izifundo zibonise ukuba kubukho beemali ezifanelekileyo ze-Cu²⁺ (njenge-activator) kunye ne-peroxydisulfate, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-99% ye-cyanide inokususwa kwimizuzu engama-20. Le ndlela inokophula ngokufanelekileyo isinyithi - i-cyanide complexes kwaye iguqule i-cyanide ibe yinto enetyhefu encinci, ihlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yokukhupha amanzi amdaka e-electroplating.

2. Icandelo lezemigodi

Ishishini lemigodi, ingakumbi imigodi yegolide, livelisa isixa esikhulu secyanide - equlathe amanzi amdaka kunye neentsalela. I-Cyanide isetyenziselwa ukutsalwa kwegolide ukwenza igolide enyibilikayo - iicomplexes zecyanide. I-Persulfate - iinkqubo ze-oxidation eziphambili zingasetyenziswa ukunyanga zombini amanzi amdaka kunye neentsalela. Ngokomzekelo, kunyango lweentsalela ze-cyanide zegolide, i-ultrasonic - activated persulfate oxidation ifundwe. Ngokusebenzisa i-2.0 wt.% ye-potassium persulfate kwi-pH 10.0 kwimizuzu engama-60, ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa i-cyanide kunokufikelela kwi-53.47%. Ngokusebenza kobushushu kwi-60 ° C, ukusebenza kakuhle kuyanda ukuya kwi-62.18%, kwaye phantsi kwe-ultrasonic activation kunye ne-100% yamandla, ukukhutshwa kobuchule kunokufikelela phezulu kwi-74.76%. Emva kwe-ultrasonic - i-activated persulfate - unyango oluphezulu lwe-oxidation, umxholo we-cyanide kwisisombululo esinobuthi se-leaching se-residu sinokuhlangabezana nomgangatho wesizwe, ubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka le ndlela kwishishini lemigodi.

3. I-Metal Finishing Industry

Kwishishini lokugqiba isinyithi, i-cyanide isetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zonyango lomhlaba. Icyanide ephumayo - equlathe amanzi amdaka kufuneka icocwe ngokufanelekileyo ukunqanda ukungcoliseka kwendalo. I-Persulfate oxidation inokudibaniswa kwiinkqubo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kwizityalo zokugqiba isinyithi. Ngokulungisa iimeko zokusabela, ezinje ngokulungelelanisa i-persulfate concentration, i-pH, kunye nexesha lokuphendula, ukususwa okuphezulu kwe-cyanide kunokufezekiswa. Oku akuncedi kuphela imboni yokugqiba isinyithi ihambelane nemimiselo yokusingqongileyo kodwa inciphisa ingozi enokubakho ehambelana nokukhutshwa kwe-cyanide.

case Studies

Ityala loku-1: Unyango lwamanzi amdaka e-Electroplating

Uphononongo lwenziwe kumanzi amdaka okwenene e-electroplating aqulethe icyanide, ewaphatha ngenkqubo ye-persulfate oxidation. Xa inani elithile le-persulfate longezwa, inani elikhulu le-cyanide kumanzi amdaka lingasuswa ngokupheleleyo kwimizuzu engama-20. Iziphumo zeemvavanyo ezininzi zibonise ukuba zombini i-hydroxyl radicals kunye ne-sulfate radicals yayinoxanduva lokususa i-cyanide, kwaye iminikelo yabo yayithelekiseka. I-Cyanate kunye ne-nitrite zifunyenwe njengezona mveliso ziphambili. Olu phononongo lubonise ukusebenza kwe-persulfate oxidation ekuphatheni amanzi amdaka e-electroplating cyanide yokwenyani.

Ityala le-2: Unyango lweeNtsalela zeCyanide zeGold

Kumsebenzi wokwembiwa kwegolide, iintsalela zecyanide zegolide zanyangwa ngepersulfate - inkqubo ephucukileyo yeoxidation. Iintsalela zazinamanqanaba aphezulu ecyanide awayefuna ukuncitshiswa ukuze ahlangabezane nemigangatho yokulahla. Ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ngokusebenzisa i-potassium persulfate kunye nokuphucula iimeko zokusabela, kubandakanywa i-pH, ubushushu, kunye neendlela zokuvuselela (ezifana nokusebenza kwe-ultrasonic), umxholo we-cyanide kwisisombululo esinobuthi se-leaching yeentsalela sinokuncitshiswa kakhulu. Emva kwe-ultrasonic - i-activated persulfate - unyango oluphezulu lwe-oxidation, umxholo we-cyanide kwisisombululo esinobuthi se-leaching sadibana nomgangatho welizwe laseChina. Eli tyala libonisa ukusetyenziswa ngempumelelo kwe-persulfate oxidation ekuphatheni iintsalela ze-cyanide zegolide, ukubonelela ngesisombululo esisebenzayo sokulahla ngokukhuselekileyo inkunkuma yemigodi.

Imingeni kunye neeNjongo zexesha elizayo

1. Imingeni

• Ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko : Nangona i-persulfate oxidation ibonisa amandla amakhulu ekunyangeni amanzi amdaka e-cyanide, ixabiso le-persulfate kunye namandla afunekayo ukuze isebenze (njengobushushu okanye ukusebenza kwe-ultrasonic) linokuba phezulu. Ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezingabizi kakhulu zokuvelisa nokusebenzisa i-persulfate kuyimfuneko ukuze le teknoloji isebenze ngakumbi.

• Ubunzima beMatrix yamanzi amdaka : I-cyanide yezimboni - equlathe amanzi amdaka idla ngokuba nomxube ontsonkothileyo wezinto ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ii-ion zesinyithi ezahlukeneyo, iikhompawundi ze-organic, kunye neetyuwa. Ezi zinto zinokusebenzisana ne-persulfate kunye nee-radicals, nto leyo echaphazela indlela yokusabela kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Ukuqonda nokulawula olu nxibelelwano luntsonkothileyo luyingxaki kwizicelo ezisebenzayo.

• Iimveliso zePersulfate eziseleyo kunye neemveliso eziphumayo : I-persulfate eseleyo emanzini acociweyo inokubangela iingxaki ezinokubakho kwindalo esingqongileyo, kwaye ezinye iimveliso eziphumayo, ezifana ne-nitrite, nazo zinokufuna ukunyangwa ngakumbi ukuze zihlangabezane nemigangatho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo. Ukuphuhlisa iindlela zokususa ngempumelelo i-persulfate eseleyo kunye nokulawula ukwenziwa kweemveliso eziphumayo eziyingozi yindawo ebalulekileyo yophando olongezelelekileyo.

2. Iimbono zekamva

• Iindlela Ezintsha Zokusebenzisa I-Persulfate : Uphando luyaqhubeka ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha nezisebenzayo zokusebenzisa i-persulfate. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa ii-catalysts ezintsha ezifana nee-nanomaterials okanye ii-metal - organic frameworks (MOFs) ukusebenzisa i-persulfate kunokubonelela ngamanani aphezulu okusabela kunye nokukhetha. Ukongeza, ukuphonononga indibaniselwano yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa, ezifana nokusebenzisa ubushushu kunye ne-catalyst ngaxeshanye, kunokuphucula ngakumbi ukusebenza kwenkqubo ye-persulfate oxidation.

• Ukuhlanganiswa nezinye iiTekhnoloji zoNyango : Ukudibanisa i-persulfate oxidation nezinye iiteknoloji zonyango, ezinje ngonyango lwebhayoloji, ukuhluzwa kwe-membrane, okanye ukufunxwa, kunokufezekisa iziphumo zonyango ezingcono. Umzekelo, ukunyanga ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-persulfate oxidation ukuze kuqhekeke iikhompawundi ze-cyanide ezintsonkothileyo kunokwenza amanzi amdaka afaneleke ngakumbi kunyango lwebhayoloji olulandelayo.

• Ukubeka iliso kunye nokuphucula inkqubo ngaphakathi : Uphuhliso lweendlela zokubeka iliso ngaphakathi kwindawo ethile zenkqubo ye-persulfate oxidation, ezinje ngokubona ngexesha langempela uxinano olukhulu kunye neemveliso zokubola kwe-cyanide, kunokunceda ekuqondeni ngcono inkqubela yokusabela kunye nokwenza ngcono inkqubo yonyango. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiinkqubo zonyango lwamanzi amdaka ze-cyanide ezisebenzayo nezithembekileyo.

Ukuqukumbela, indlela ye-persulfate oxidation ibonisa isithembiso esikhulu kunyango lwe-cyanide - equkethe amanzi amdaka. Ngophando oluqhubekayo kunye nophuhliso lokujongana nemingeni ekhoyo, le teknoloji inamandla okuba yindlela eqhelekileyo yokucoca amanzi amdaka e-cyanide kumashishini ahlukeneyo, igalelo ekukhuselweni kwendalo kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo.