Inkqubo eGqibeleleyo yeHydrometallurgy: Ukusuka kwiCyanide Leaching ukuya kwi-Electrolysis

Kwintsimi yanamhlanje ye-metallurgy, Hydrometallurgy ikwindawo ebalulekileyo ekutsalweni kwesinyithi kunye nokucokisa ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo ezizodwa. Ziziphi iimfihlo ezilele emva kokuguqulwa kwentsimbi ukuya kwintsimbi ecocekileyo? Namhlanje, makhe siphonononge nzulu kwinkqubo epheleleyo ye-hydrometallurgy, ukusuka kwi-leaching ukuya kwi-electrolysis, ngokusebenzisa imibuzo engundoqo elishumi elinesibini.

1. Yintoni i-hydrometallurgy?

I-Hydrometallurgy, ngamagama alula, yinkqubo esebenzisa i-leaching agents ukunyibilikisa izinto zentsimbi ezixabisekileyo ezivela kwi-ores, i-concentrate, i-calcines, kunye nezinye izinto kwizisombululo. Emva koko, iintsimbi ziyakhutshwa, zohlulwe, kwaye zityetyiswe kwizisombululo ngoluhlu lweendlela zekhemikhali kunye nezomzimba. Ngokungafaniyo ne-pyrometallurgy yendabuko, i-hydrometallurgy isebenza ikakhulu kwindawo yesisombululo, ebonisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi kunye nokunciphisa ungcoliseko lwendalo.

2. Zithini iinjongo zokuleaching kunye neendlela ezixhaphakileyo zokufundisa?

Injongo ye-leaching kukwahlula isinyithi esixabisekileyo kwi-ganggue kwi-ores kunye nokunyibilikisa isinyithi ngendlela yeeyoni kwizisombululo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokucoca ziquka ukuvuza kweasidi. Ngokomzekelo, i-ores yobhedu ihlanjululwa nge-asidi ye-sulfuric ukunyibilikisa ubhedu ngendlela yeeyoni zethusi. I-alkaline leaching isetyenziselwa ukuphatha i-bauxite kunye nesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide ukukhupha i-aluminiyam. Ukuvuza kwamanzi kulungele ityuwa ethile - uhlobo lweeminerali ezinokunyibilika kakuhle kwamanzi, njengokutsalwa kwetyuwa yeglauber.

3. Zeziphi izinto ezichaphazela izinga leleaching ngexesha lenkqubo yokufundisa?

Izinto eziphambili ziquka ukugxininiswa kwe-agent leaching. Ngokubanzi, okukhona ugxininiso luphezulu, kokukhona liphezulu izinga lokuvuza. Nangona kunjalo, ugxininiso oluphezulu kakhulu lunokukhokelela ekwenyukeni kweendleko kunye nobunzima ekusebenzeni okulandelayo. Iqondo lobushushu: Ukunyusa ngokufanelekileyo iqondo lobushushu kunokukhawulezisa isantya sokusabela kunye nokuphucula iqondo lokuvuza, kodwa ubushushu obugqithisileyo buya kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokubola kwezixhobo. Ubungakanani bamasuntswana e-ore: Incinci isayizi yesuntswana, inkulu indawo ethile yomhlaba, kwaye ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi i-leaching reaction. Ukuqina kokuvuselela: Ukuvuselela okulungileyo kunokuqinisekisa uqhagamshelwano olupheleleyo phakathi kwe-agent leaching kunye ne-ore, ukuphucula ukuhanjiswa kobuninzi.

4. Yenziwa njani into eqinileyo - ukwahlulwa kolwelo kwipulp emva kokuvuza?

Uqina oluqhelekileyo - iindlela zokwahlula ulwelo ziquka ukuhluzwa. Izihluzi zeVacuum kunye nepleyiti - kunye - nefreyimu yokucoca izicoci zisetyenziselwa ukunqanda amasuntswana aqinileyo ngesihluzo esiphakathi kunye nokuvumela ulwelo ukuba ludlule. Intlenga: Amasuntswana aqinileyo avumelekile ukuba ahlale phantsi komxhuzulane okanye amandla ecentrifugal. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-thickeners, i-pulp iyancipha ngokukhawuleza kwisixhobo esikhulu somthamo. I-supernatant iyaphuphuma, kwaye i-low - layer thick slurry iqhutyelwa phambili. Ukwahlula kwe-Centrifugal: Amandla e-Centrifugal eveliswa ngokujikeleza okuphezulu-isantya sisetyenziselwa ukufezekisa ukuhlukana okuqinileyo - ukwahlula ulwelo, olulungele ukwahlula amasuntswana amahle.

5. Yintoni injongo yokuhlanjululwa kwesisombululo kwaye zeziphi iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokucoca?

Ukucocwa kwesisombululo kujolise ekususeni ukungcola kwi-leachate ukuphepha ukuphazamiseka kunye nokutsalwa kwesinyithi esilandelayo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka imvula yeekhemikhali. I-precipitants yongezwa ukwenza i-precipitates yee-ion zokungcola. Ngokomzekelo, i-sodium sulfide yongezwa kwi-ion yentsimbi enzima. Ion - indlela yokutshintshiselana: Ion - ii-resin zokutshintshiselana zisetyenziselwa ukutshintshana kunye ne-ion kwisisombululo sokususa i-ion zokungcola. I-solvent extraction: Ngokusekelwe kumahluko kwi-solubility ye-solutes kwizigaba ezibini ezingenakulinganiswa, isinyithi esijoliswe kuyo sikhutshwe kwisigaba sezinto eziphilayo ukuze siphumelele ukuhlukana nokungcola.

6. Uthini umgaqo wokutsalwa kwe-solvent kunye nendlela yokukhetha i-extractant efanelekileyo?

Umgaqo wokukhutshwa kwe-solvent kukusebenzisa umahluko kwi-coefficients yokusabalalisa i-solutes phakathi kwesigaba se-organic kunye nesigaba se-aqueous, esenza ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwe-solutes ukusuka kwinqanaba le-aqueous ukuya kwi-organic phase. Xa ukhetha i-extractant, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ukukhethwa kwayo okuphezulu kwintsimbi ekujoliswe kuyo, oku kuthetha ukuba inamandla amakhulu okukhupha isinyithi esijoliswe kuyo kunye nokukwazi ukutsalwa okubuthathaka kokungcola. Kufuneka ibe nomthamo omkhulu wokukhupha ukukhupha ngokufanelekileyo isixa esikhulu sesinyithi. Kufuneka kwakhona ibe nozinzo olufanelekileyo lweekhemikhali, lungaboli lula, lungadibani nesigaba samanzi, kwaye lube nolwahlulo olufanelekileyo loxinaniso lokwahlulwa kwesigaba esilula. Ukongezelela, iindleko kunye nokufumaneka kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo.

7. Yintoni indima yokuhlubula kwaye inxulumene njani nokutsalwa?

Ukuhluthwa yinkqubo yokudlulisa isinyithi esikhutshwe kwisigaba sezinto eziphilayo emva kwesigaba samanzi. Incedisa ukutsalwa. Ukutsalwa kutyebisa kwaye kwahlule isinyithi, ngelixa ukuhlutha kutsalwa isinyithi esityetyisiweyo kwisigaba sezinto eziphilayo ukuze kufumaneke isisombululo sesinyithi soxinaniso oluphezulu kwi-electrolysis elandelayo okanye enye inkqubo. Ngokulungelelanisa uhlobo, ugxininiso, kunye nexabiso le-pH ye-ejenti yokuhlutha, ukuchithwa okusebenzayo kweentsimbi kunokufezekiswa.

8. Yintoni i-electrowinning (i-electrolytic deposition) kwaye yintoni umgaqo wayo?

I-Electrowinning yinkqubo apho i-ion zetsimbi kwisisombululo ziyancipha kwaye zifakwe kwi-cathode phantsi kwesenzo sangoku ngokuthe ngqo. Ukuthatha i-electrowinning yobhedu njengomzekelo, kwisisombululo se-sulfate yethusi, xa kusetyenziswa ngoku ngokuthe ngqo, ii-ion zobhedu zifumana ii-electron kwi-cathode, ziyancipha zibe yithusi yensimbi, kwaye zifakwe kwi-plate cathode. Kwi-anode, ukusabela kwe-oxidation yamanzi kwenzeka, ukuvelisa i-oxygen. Eli linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekufumaneni isinyithi esicocekileyo kwi-hydrometallurgy.

9. Ziziphi izinto ezichaphazela ukusebenza kwangoku kunye nomgangatho wetsimbi ngexesha lenkqubo ye-electrolysis?

Izinto ezichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwangoku ziquka ukushisa kwe-electrolyte. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngokugqithisileyo aya kwandisa ukusabela okusecaleni kwaye anciphise ukusebenza kakuhle kwangoku. Uxinaniso lwangoku: Zombini uxinaniso oluphezulu kakhulu kunye noluphantsi kakhulu lwangoku alulunganga kwimpumelelo yangoku, kwaye kukho uluhlu olufanelekileyo. Umxholo wokungcola: Ii-ion zokungcola zingafumana iimpendulo ezikhuphisanayo kwi-electrodes, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwangoku. Izinto ezichaphazela umgangatho wesinyithi zibandakanya ukubunjwa kwe-electrolyte. Uhlobo kunye nomxholo wezongezo unokuchaphazela i-crystal morphology yesinyithi. Izinto ze-electrode kunye nemeko yomphezulu: Ii-electrode ezigudileyo kunye nezisicaba zilungele ukubekwa okufanayo kweentsimbi ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Ixesha le-Electrolysis kunye nokuzinza kokusebenza: Iimeko ezizinzileyo zokusebenza zinokuqinisekisa ukuzinza komgangatho wesinyithi.

10. Yenziwa njani i-anode slime kwaye yintoni ukusetyenziswa kwayo?

Ngexesha lenkqubo ye-electrolysis, ukongeza ekunyibilikeni kwesinyithi kwi-anode, ukungcola okunganyibilikiyo okufana neentsimbi ezixabisekileyo njengegolide, isilivere, neplatinam, kunye nobunye ukungcola kwenza i-anode slime kunye nemvula. I-Anode slime sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sesibini. Iintsimbi ezininzi ezixabisekileyo zinokufunyanwa kuyo. Umzekelo, igolide, isilivere, njl.njl., inokukhutshwa kwi-anode ye-anode yobhedu yobhedu ngokusebenzisa uluhlu lwetekhnoloji yokucubungula, enexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu kwezoqoqosho.

11. Ukufikelela njani ukukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe izibonelelo kuyo yonke inkqubo ye-hydrometallurgy?

Ngokubhekiselele kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, amanzi amdaka, inkunkuma yerhasi, kunye neentsalela zenkunkuma ziphathwa ukuze zihlangabezane nemigangatho yokukhutshwa. Ukulungiswa kwamanzi amdaka, iindlela ezifana ne-neutralization, imvula, kunye notshintshiselwano lwe-ion zisetyenziselwa ukususa i-ion zetsimbi kunye nezinto eziyingozi. Irhasi yenkunkuma iyacocwa ukuze isuse izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana nesulfure dioxide ngezixhobo zokucoca. Ngokubhekiselele kubutyebi obusetyenzisiweyo, unyango lwesibini luyenziwa kwiintsalela ze-leaching kunye ne-anode slime ukubuyisela iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo. I-electrolyte echithiweyo iyacocwa kwaye ihlaziywe ukuze isetyenziswe kwakhona.

12. Zeziphi iindlela zophuhliso lwexesha elizayo lwe-hydrometallurgy?

Kwixesha elizayo, i-hydrometallurgy iya kukhula ibe luhlaza, isebenze kakuhle, kwaye ibe nobukrelekrele. Kuya kubakho uphando kunye nophuhliso lwe-ejenti ehambelana nokusingqongileyo kunye ne-leaching esebenzayo kunye ne-extractants ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nongcoliseko. I-automation ephezulu kunye nobuchwepheshe obukrelekrele buya kusetyenziswa ukufezekisa ulawulo oluchanekileyo kunye nokulungiswa kwenkqubo yokuvelisa, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kunye nomgangatho wemveliso. Imimandla yesicelo iya kwandiswa, efana nokukhupha isinyithi kwimithombo emitsha efana nenkunkuma yombane kunye nezimbiwa ezinzulu zolwandle.

Ngale mibuzo ilishumi elinambini, siye safumana ukuqonda okuthe kratya kwenkqubo epheleleyo ye-hydrometallurgy ukusuka kwi-leaching ukuya kwi-electrolysis. Ngokuqhubela phambili okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe, i-hydrometallurgy iya kudlala indima enkulu ngakumbi kwintsimi yokukhutshwa kwesinyithi, igalelo kuphuhliso loqoqosho kunye nokusetyenziswa okunengqiqo kwemithombo.